Toxocariasis is a disease of unspecific clinical manifestations in human beings and some animals forming a condition known as visceral larva migerans. Effective Toxocara canis (T. canis) control should destroy the dormant hypobiotic larvae in the tissues of the reservoir hosts. Embyonated egg antigen is intended to be evaluated in rabbits where15 New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups; immunized group that injected with three doses of T. canis egg antigen (First dose with complete Freund's and two successive doses with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant); control infected group and adjuvant control group. At 30th day from the beginning of the experiment, all groups were infected with 10,000 T. canis embryonated egg. Blood samples were collected periodically for measuring antibodies titer by ELISA. Postmortem and histopathological investigations were done. The efficacy of egg antigen protective immunity was evaluated by; the positive antibody titer, retention of larvae in the liver, hepatic eosinophilic granuloma formation, number of the milky spots on the liver surface and lung resistance to the infection. These parameters were detected obviously in the immunized group than the non immunized ones. Consequently, production of this product is recommended where its preparation is simple, easy, fast and economic and may be used as role of vaccine program against the parasite infection in thesusceptible hosts.

For the determination of microbial load, chemical quality, pH and cholesterol level, a total of 400 table eggs were randomly collected from 10 retailers situated at major urban settings in Eastern Ethiopia and Haramaya University Poultry Farm, Ethiopia. The data were analyzed using SAS. High moisture and cholesterol levels and low pH and huge microbial load were detected in the eggs. Exposure of eggs to sunlight in the market and transportation of eggs from farm to the retail market might influence in lowering moisture and increasing pH. Huge microbial contamination of eggs from retailers at urban settings could be due to unhygienic handling of the eggs, lack of standard storage and transportation facilities. Storing of eggs in refrigeration condition and protection of direct sun light could be helpful in maintaining quality eggs. Introduction of refrigeration systems and construction of shades in markets are suggested to maintain and improve quality of eggs sold in markets.

A total of 180 eggs (20 batches each represented by 3 eggs) of the farm, balady, and organic egg samples were collected in October 2021 from markets in Ismailia governorate, Egypt, and examined for detection of the oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin residues by using HPLC-Ms/Ms. The farm and balady eggs contained 20% with mean values of 69.95±1.78 and 43.6±2.65 ppb, respectively, and all of them were below the permissible limits and accepted. They contained 20% and 60% with mean values of 26± 0.21 and 39.58±5.58 ppb, respectively, and all positive samples were unaccepted. Both egg types were free from gentamicin residues, meanwhile, all organic eggs were clear from the three antibiotic residues under investigation. The study also revealed the distribution of oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin in albumin and yolk after oral administration and their residues in the 6th-day eggs were (750 and 500 ppb) and (500 and 319 ppb), respectively. The effect of boiling for 15 minutes on oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin residues in albumin and yolk was also investigated and showed a reduction% of (88 and 90) and (90.5 and 87.5), respectively. Meanwhile, the frying of whole eggs for 5 minutes reduced their concentration by 94.3% and 94.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the antibiotic residues in edible eggs are a serious risk that should be monitored, and it's significant to highlight the importance of efficient boiling and frying of eggs in reducing these residues and relieving their hazards to the consumer's health.

An egg has been considered as one of the most important food sources because of it's nutritional superiority and reasonable price. With the complexity of egg flow system from production to consumption in Korea, preventive measures for egg safety have been required. Therefore, our study was carried out to analyze hazards for the egg under farm level and develope preventive measures with a purpose of obtaining egg safety. To analyze biological hazards, microbial contamination of egg(normal, dirty and cracked), water, feed, manure and equipments associated with laying were investigated.

Egg production is an important factor that helps to meet the nutritional needs of the growing populations in developing countries. Commercial egg production is a source of high quality protein and income compared to other livestock production activities. The study used a multiple regression profit model to estimate the effect of breeds and housing system on profitability. Data were collected from 100 randomly selected layer farms in (Al Sharkia and Ismailia) during the period from 2019 to 2022, through research questionnaires. Results showed that hen reared in closed system had higher egg production, higher total return than those reared in the opened system. Lohman breed are more tolerable to the Egyptian conditions in the study area as shown by lower mortality % and lower values of total veterinary management (TVM). Layer farms in the study area were operating in the second stage of production. Therefore, layer farms are considered a good investment for both private and government sectors.