This paper dealt wih the distribution of Shigella spp. on 5 piggeries in Taegu and Kyongbuk during the period from August to October 1987. Isolated Shigella were examined for serogrouping, antimicrobial drug resistance and detection of R plasmid. Genetic properties of R plasmid in Shigella were examined for fertility inhibition (F1) and gel electrophoresis was performed for the isolation of plasmid DNA. Of total 2,978 samples from 5 piggeries, 82 strains (2.8 %) of Shigella spp. were isolated from 82 samples. The isolated strains were identified as S. dysenteriae (60 strains), S. flexneri (20 strains) and S. sonnei (2 strains). Of the 82 strains examined 67 (95.1 %) were resistant to one or more antibiotics, such as ampicillin (Am), chloramphenicol (Cm), kanamycin (Km), nalidixic acid (Na), rifampicin (Rf), streptomycin (Sm), sulfademethoxine (Su), and tetracycline (Tc) and higher resistance to Su (90.2 %), Sm (63.4 %) and Tc (63.4 %). Of the 78 resistant Shigella strains 26 (33.3 %) harbored conjugative R plasmids and the transfer frequency of Sm (50.0 %), Cm (33.3 %) resistance was much higher than that of the other drug resistance. The most common resistant patterns were SmSuTc, Su and AmSmSuTc. Out of the 26 Shigella R plasmids examined for Fi, 14 (53.8 % were Fi + and the remainder were Fi-. The plasmid DNA profiles in Shigella spp. (9 strains) isolated from pigs were confirmed as being 2 to 9 fragments by the gel electrophoresis. Their molecular size ranged 2.17 to 87.62 kilobase (Kb). All strains of Shigella spp. consisted in 15.4 Kb plasmids.

This study was done to investigate the prevalence of the Enterobacteriaceae in chickens and eggs. Isolation of forty four different bacterial isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae from chicken egg samples, cloacal swabs and swabs from Hatcheries’s floor, the isolates from commercial flock swabs were biochemically identified as E coli, P. mirabilis E Sakazakii and E .cloacae by incidence 22%, 55 %, 11% and 11 % respectively. The isolates from Layers and broilers breeder cloacal swabs were biochemically identified to be E. coli, P. mirabilis E. fergusonii and E .cloacae by incidence 20 %, 20 %, 20% and 40 % respectively. The isolates from commercial eggs were biochemically identified to be Pantoea Sp. , Kluyvera sp., E Sakazakii , E.aerogenes and E.harmanii by incidence 33.3% , 16.6% , 16.6% , 16.6% and 16.6 % respectively. The isolates from fertilized egg samples were biochemically identified as E Sakazakii , E. fergusonii , E.coli , E. Cloacae , Aeromonas ,S. Anatum and Prov. Alcolifaciens with a number of 1 ,1, 3, 3, 2, 2 and 1 , incidence 8% , 8% , 23% , 23% , 15% , 15% and 8 % respectively. The incidence of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from floor swabs of both primitive and automatic hatcheries was 20.8 % and these isolates were biochemically identified to be Pantoea spp., Citrokoserilama, k.pneumo. Ozaenae and E .cloacae with number 2, 1, 1 and 1 also its incidence were 40%, 20%, 20% and 20 % respectively. We found that the most common isolated bacterium from eggs either fertilized orcommercial table eggs in our study was E.coli although we could isolate other bacterial species as Enterobacter, Proteus species , Escherichia fergusonii; E. Sakazakii, Klebsiella sp., S. anatum, and Pseudomonas sp..In-vitro sensitivity test of the isolated strains to various chemotherapeutic agents revealed that all isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Amoxicillin.

The present study investigated the effect of Sumac Water Extract (SWE) on microbial growth and chemical changes in minced meat during refrigerated storage. Therefore, SWE used at three concentrations (4, 5, and 6%) to determine their effect on the sensory attributes, chemical parameters (pH, total volatile nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid), and bacteriological status including total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae count, total staphylococcus count of minced meat stored at 4°C for 12 days. The study's results suggest that incorporating different concentrations of SWE improved the sensory attributes of the treated minced meat samples compared to the control samples. Furthermore, the use of SWE with different concentrations led to a decrease in pH, TVN, and TBA values in the treated minced meat as compared to the control group. Among the different concentrations tested, the 6% concentration of SWE exhibited the most significant impact on improving the sensory, chemical, and bacterial quality, surpassing the effects observed with the 4 and 5% concentrations. Consequently, the study concluded that the utilization of SWE as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial preservative for refrigerated minced meat could prolong its shelf life for up to 12 days, in contrast to the control group, which became spoiled completely within 6 days.

Bacterial contamination has been proven to be common in a variety of foods, especially meats. For this reason, this study was conducted to evaluate the bacteriological quality of imported chilled meat traded in Port-Said markets where 64 random samples of chilled meats represented by 28 imported chilled beef meat samples from lots arrived at Port-Said port (un-marketed) and 36 imported chilled beef meat samples collected from retailed markets at Port-Said governorate (marketed). Samples were analyzed for their total aerobic count., Enterobacteriaceae count, E. coli, total staphylococcus, and S. aureus counts and detection of salmonellae. The total bacterial count recorded an average of 10.73x104 and 2.5x106 in un-marketed and marketed chilled meat respectively. The results showed that 18 out of 64 meat samples were positive for Enterobacteriaceae and 6 samples out of them were unaccepted for human consumption. The incidence of E. coli was in 6 samples from the examined chilled samples, and the 6 were unaccepted. For staphylococcus, there were 24 positive samples, and 13 out of them were unaccepted and for S. aureus, 4 samples out of 64 samples were positive and 4 samples were unaccepted for consumption. Two samples out of 64 were positive for salmonella and considered unfit for human consumption. The obtained results confirmed the poor bacteriological quality of some imported chilled meat that is marketed in Port-Said retailed markets which is related to unhygienic transportation methods until reach the retailed markets.

Observations were made on development of diarrhea in special-fed calves (n = 460) on 8 commercial facilities during 2 successive 16-week production cycles at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. A total of 23% were affected, with peak number of calves with diarrhea observed at week 0. Suspected enteropathogens were identified in 86% of these calves, most commonly cryptosporidia, coronavirus, and rotavirus. Identified potential zoonotic pathogens included Giardia and Salmonella spp and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from 6 calves that had repeated bouts of illness. Only 22% of calves entering the veal facilities had adequate transfer of passive immunity. At week 0, serum IgG concentration in calves that subsequently died or had diarrhea was lower (P < 0.001) than that in healthy calves. All calves that died (n = 6) during the first 4 weeks of production had complete failure of transfer of passive immunity.

Chicken meat and its edible offal have a high biological value and act as a good substrate for different types of bacteria implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks. Therefore, a total of 150 random samples of chicken (Breast, thigh and edible offal, 50 of each) were collected from different outlets, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt to be examined bacteriologically. The obtained results revealed that the mean Enterobacteriacae count was 3.73±0.07, 4.02±0.10 and 4.34±0.12 log10 CFU/g in breast, thigh and edible offal samples, respectively. E. coli was isolated from 12(24%), 15(30%) and 20(40%) of breast, thigh and edible offal samples, respectively, five different serotypes were identified (O157:H7, O158:H19, O128:H2, O26:H11and O55:H7) and the isolated E. coli strains were resistant to penicillin (100%), while the resistance was 72.3%, 65.9%, 51.1% and 51.1% to sulphamethoxazol-trimethoprim, oxytetracyclin, chloramphenicol and kanamycin, respectively, meanwhile, all strains were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 22(14.67%) of the examined samples with a prevalence of 5(10%), 7(14%) and 10(20%) in breast, thigh and edible offal, respectively, serological identification revealed five different serotypes (S. typhimurium, S. entritides, S. lindenberg, S. infantis and S. kentukay), and the isolated Salmonella spp. were resistant to penicillin and sulphamethoxazol-trimethoprim (100%), meanwhile, the sensitivity was 100% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat that requires serious attention, particularly when it is developed against colistin, which is considered one of the ‘last resort’ antibiotics in the poultry industry. This study aimed to investigate the AMR profile of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from different poultry species, detect colistin resistance and investigate the existence of mcr genes in multi and extreme-resistant isolates. A total of 233 birds, chickens, ducks, turkeys, and quails, of various ages and breeds were collected from several localities of the Sharkia governorate and analyzed bacteriologically. The disc diffusion and E-test assays scrutinized the patterns of antibiotic, multidrug-resistant (MDR), and colistin resistance. The PCR assay was carried out to detect the mcr variants. Bacteriological examination revealed the incidence of 42.3% (99/233) of different Enterobacteriaceae members with a high predominance of E. coli, Salmonella, and Klebsiella species. Disc diffusion findings disclosed that 78.78% of isolates were resistant to colistin but E-test detected 19.19% only. Observed colistin resistance was strongly linked to the distribution of plasmid mcr-operons. The mcr 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7.1 genes were detected in 42.1, 63.15, 57.89, 52.63, and 47.36% of the phenotypic resistant isolates, and about 36.84% harbored at least four mcr clusters. However, the mcr5 gene was not discovered. The statistical assessment revealed a significant association between colistin resistance and MDR (p≤0.05). Moreover, there was a strong correlation between MCR-abundance and doxycycline, fosfomycin, beta-lactams, imipenem, and tobramycin resistances. In conclusion, this study highlights the alarming occurrence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in various poultry aspects. An urgent strategy must be adopted to avert the spread of this phenomenon.

The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefixime, a new third-generation orally administered caphalosporin, was determined for reference and clinical isolates from dogs. The MIC of the drug for all but 1 of the 18 Enterobacteriaceae isolates tested, 1 Pasteurella canis, 1 Rhodococcus equi, 1 Streptococcus canis, and 1 Streptococcus group G isolate, was less than 1.0 micrograms/ml. The MIC for 9 Staphylococcus intermedius isolates ranged from 1.56 to 6.25 micrograms/ml and, for 8 Sta aureus isolates, the MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 12.5 micrograms/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces sp, and a single Bordetella bronchiseptica isolate were considered resistant to cefixime. Cefixime was administered orally in 2 phases at a standard dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight to clinically normal adult male and female dogs. In the first phase, the drug was given once as a capsule and once as a suspension. In the second phase, it was administered once per day for 6 consecutive days in capsule form. Serum drug concentration was determined by use of a microbiological assay, and the following kinetic values were estimated for each dog: area under the concentration-time curve, peak serum drug concentration (Cmax), time of Cmax, absorption half-life, and elimination half-life (t1/2el). The kinetic profile of the drug in serum after oral administration of a single dose of cefixime was similar, with mean Cmax values of 3.36 and 4.76 micrograms/ml after treatment with the capsule and suspension, respectively. Quick oral absorption is characteristic for cefixime in dogs; mean absorption half-life values of 1.3 and 0.58 hours for the capsule and suspension, respectively, were calculated. Drug elimination from serum was biphasic, with an initial mean t1/2el of 8.1 to 8.6 hours and a secondary mean t1/2el of 11.7 to 14.5 hours. In the trial involving once daily treatment for 6 days, serum drug concentration after the sixth dose was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that after the first dose. indicating drug accumulation. Cefixime is extensively bound to canine serum proteins (82 to 92% at concentration ranging between 7.5 and 1.5 micrograms/ml). Concentration of cefixime was determined in the uterus, ovaries, and abdominal fat tissues 24 hours after single-dose treatment and 24 hours after the sixth treatment. Tissue drug distribution was limited after administration of the single dose, but improved after the sixth dose. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the drug and its pharmacokinetic properties warrant assessing its clinical and bacteriologic efficacy as a longterm once-daily orally administered treatment for common bacterial infections in dogs.

Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to gentamicin has become an increasingly common problem among clinical isolates from human beings. Susceptibility of isolates from horses to gentamicin and amikacin was evaluated for the period from July, 1983 to June, 1985. All isolates of Escherichia coli, and species of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas examined were susceptible to amikacin, except 2 of the 46 Pseudomonas isolates. In contrast, 13 to 50% of isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter species isolates were highly significantly more susceptible to amikacin (P less than 0.01) than to gentamicin. Pseudomonas spp (P = 0.13) were not significantly different in susceptibility to the 2 drugs. There was significant variation among genera in their susceptibility to gentamicin (P = 0.002), primarily because of the frequency of resistance in isolates of Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp, compared with the other 3 organisms (E coli, Enterobacter spp, and Pseudomonas spp). There was no significant difference of susceptibility to amikacin among the genera studied (P = 0.06).