As little information is available on the reproductive system of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), a study was conducted on 49 male guinea fowl to document the histological structure and developmental changes in the luminal diameter of the ducts within the excurrent duct system and associated changes in concentrations of testosterone. Age-related changes were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and medians separated by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Tubuli recti were clearly visible in the guinea fowl and the rete testes were both intracapsular and extracapsular. Regardless of age, the luminal diameter of the proximal ductuli efferentes was the largest, while that of the connecting duct was the smallest. The luminal diameter of all ducts within the epididymal region increased (P < 0.001) monthly until 20 wk of age, and then increased marginally every month thereafter. Peripheral testosterone concentrations also peaked at 20 wk of age and declined thereafter. In adult birds, the ductus deferens enlarged posteriorly, from an average of about 279 μm cranially to 678 μm caudally. Peripheral testosterone concentrations strongly and positively correlated with the luminal diameter of ducts within the excurrent duct system. The pattern of increase in the luminal diameter of all ducts followed the pattern of testosterone secretion in these birds, which indicates that testosterone concentrations may be closely related to the development of the excurrent duct system in male guinea fowl.

Twenty adult common quail male obtained from Soq-Al-Shiyookh local market .They were kept under light and feeding conditions adopted by it. The anatomical study was appeared that the reproductive system in common quail consist of paired testes ,efferent ducts, epididymis, vasdeference and recetaculum .The testes are lying within the abdominal cavity and are joined to the dorsal body wall by short connective tissue . They are paired oval-shaped structure .The average of the left testicular size is ( 2 ± 0.04 cm3) and the average of the right testicular size is (1.85 ± 0.01 cm3).The average of the left testicular weight is (1.9 ± 0.01 gm. ) and the average of the right testicular weight is (1.7 ± 0.01 gm.). The testes of quail are long axis is oblique and directed dorso caudally .The epididymis is relatively large and is firmly attached to the dorso lateral surface of the testes. The histological study was showed that the spermatogonia are identified adjacent to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules either singly or in cluster but they do not form a complete basal layer. The primary spermatocyte are the largest cells of the spermotogenic population . Their nuclei are notable for both their size and appearance ,being big and vesicular is due to the presence of condensed chromatin. The secondary spermatocyte enter the second meiotic division ,the subsequent cells formed from this division are spermatids. Spermatocytogenesis ends when spermatids appears .The spermatids undergo a complex process of differentiation leading to the transformation of these spermatids into sperm . Based on changes in the acrosomes and nuclei during the development of spermatid will give rise mature spermatozoa

The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics / College of Agriculture / University of Basra , from 1/5/2013 to 18/12/2013. The aim was to study the possibility of fertilization of Oocytes in vitro by sperm withdrawn from the epididymis . Reproductive tracts were brought from Basra slaughter house with a total of 410 samples. Withdrawing the sperm from the epididymis and oocytes from small follicles (less than 4 mm) and from large (more than or equal to 4 mm) .Rams aged (1.2 -2) years showed significant superiority (P

At initiation of a 140-day postweaning weight gain test, Angus bulls were assigned in equal numbers (n = 5) to 1 of 3 treatment groups to determine effects of implantation with zeranol, an estrogenic growth promotant, on selected reproductive characteristics. The bulls, whose age (mean +/- SD) was 233 +/- 20 days at initiation of the test (day 0), were implanted with 36 mg of zeranol on day 0, on days 0 and 60, or were not implanted. At day 140, scrotal circumference and testicular consistency were unaffected by zeranol implantation. Zeranol implantation did not affect the morphologic characteristics of semen samples collected by electroejaculation on day 139. There was no effect of zeranol treatment on paired weights of testes, epididymides, or vesicular glands from bulls at slaughter 47 to 68 days after day 140. Microscopic lesions associated with estrogenic exposure were not observed in accessory sex glands or epididymides of any bull. Histopathologic changes in the seminiferous epithelium were not induced by zeranol treatment. Implantation with zeranol did not affect body weight or hip weight at day 140 or carcass weight at slaughter. Plasma concentration of luteum hormone was increased (P = 0.04), whereas testosterone concentration tended to be less (P = 0.08) in both groups of zeranol-implanted bulls after administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on day 140.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of red laser irradiation on testicular and epididymis tissue. Twenty rabbits, male mature were used in the present study. The animals were divided into four groups. First group as control and second, third and fourth groups exposed to red laser irradiation 5 min, 15 min, 30 min respectively. The histological sample was taken after necropsy method of all experimental animals for preparation slide processes to examine under a light microscope. The result of the experiment showed histological changes induced by exposure the animals to red laser (650nm-10w) which present as versus changes and these pathological changes are directly fit with period of exposure which appears as degeneration, oedematous, hyperemia and necrosis into testicular and epididymis.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;

The putative binding of porcine parvovirus (PPV) to semen components in vitro was examined along with the shedding pattern of PPV in oronasally infected boars. Porcine parvovirus DNA was determined to be bound to spermatozoa that had been incubated in vitro with PPV and washed to remove loosely adherent virus. To determine whether PPV was shed in the semen, four 8-month-old boars, seronegative for PPV, were inoculated oronasally with a virulent strain of PPV. Prior to virus inoculation, a catheter was surgically implanted in the vas deferens for the purpose of collecting cauda epididymal semen free of extrinsic contamination. Epididymal semen specimens were collected prior to inoculation and daily thereafter for 21 days. A fifth boar was inoculated oronasally with PPV, but semen was collected by electroejaculation twice weekly for an equal period of time. Reproductive glands and semen specimens from all boars were examined by nucleic acid hybridization for the presence of viral DNA. All boars seroconverted to PPV, as evidenced by serum antibody titers ranging from 512 to 8,192 hemagglutinating inhibition units/50 microliter. Porcine parvovirus DNA was detected in epididymal semen of 3 of 4 catheterized boars on postinoculation days 5 through 9, but not in semen obtained by electroejaculation. Viral DNA was consistently detected in tissue samples collected on postinoculation days 8 and 21 from the scrotal lymph nodes (4 of 5 boars) and epididymides (3 of 5 boars).

A functional understanding of the epididymis makes it possible to increase a species’ fertility, since it facilitates the preservation of gametes for use in assisted reproduction techniques. This study analyzed the histological features of the different regions of the epididymis of the Pecari tajacu and the associated pathologies found in the spermatozoa present in this organ. After an orchiectomy surgery to remove the testicles and epididymis obtained from eight adult animals bred in captivity, fixation and histological processing of samples were carried out. The presence of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia was observed in all regions of the epididymis (caput, corpus and caudal). Similarities were noted between the average height of the corpus and caudal epithelium, which differed from that found at the caput (1- proximal: region associated with the efferent ducts; 2- distal: region associated with corpus epididymis). It was also observed that the proximal caput presents a smaller average of the tubules diameter compared to other portions of the epididymis. Regarding pathologies of the spermatozoa, thirteen different types of morphological modifications were observed. Underdeveloped spermatozoa and detached heads were most frequently encountered along the epididymis of the collared peccaries. This study is a pioneer in the area and its data will serve as a basis for comparative research on the reproductive biology of artiodactyls, thus contributing to their conservation and reproduction.