Objective: This study aimed to isolate and identify Escherichia coli from broiler samples from Sukabumi, Indonesia. Also, antibiogram studies of the isolated bacteria were carried out consid¬ering the detection of the antibiotic resistance genes. Materials and Methods: Cloaca swabs (n = 45) were collected from broilers in Sukabumi, Indonesia. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out according to standard bacterio¬logical techniques and biochemical tests, followed by confirmation of the polymerase chain reac¬tion targeting the uspA gene. Antibiotic sensitivity test, using several antibiotics [tetracycline (TE), oxytetracycline (OT), ampicillin (AMP), gentamicin (CN), nalidixic acid (NA), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), chloramphenicol, and erythromycin] was carried out following the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance coding genes was carried out by PCR using specific oligonucleotide primers. Statistical analysis was carried out with one-way anal¬ysis of variance. Results: The results showed that 55.6% (25/45) of the samples were associated with the pres¬ence of E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that the E. coli isolates were resistant to TE (88%; 22/25), OT (88%; 22/25), AMP (100%; 25/25), CN (64%; 16/25), NA (100%; 22/25), CIP (88%; 22/25), ENR (72%; 18/25), chloramphenicol (0%; 0/25), and erythromycin (92%; 23/25). On the other hand, the antibiotic resistance coding genes were tetA (86.4%; 19/22), blaTEM (100%; 25/25), aac(3)-IV (0%; 0/16), gyrA (100%; 25/25), and ermB (13%; 3/23). It was found that chlor¬amphenicol is markedly different from other antibiotic treatment groups. Conclusion: Escherichia coli was successfully isolated from cloacal swabs of broiler in Sukabumi, Indonesia. The bacteria were resistant to TE, OT, AMP, CN, NA, CIP, ENR, and erythromycin. Chloramphenicol was more sensitive and effective than other antibiotics in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. The antibiotic resistance genes detected were tetA, blaTEM, gyrA, and ermB. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(1.000): 84-90]

Objectives: The present study was carried out to assess the antibiotic resistance and to identify the resistance genes in Escherichia coli from captive Bengal tigers at two Safari parks in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A number of 24 environmental fecal swab samples of Bengal tigers were collected from two different Safari parks in Bangladesh. For the isolation of E. coli, samples were submitted to a number of bacteriological screening and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. Results: Results demonstrated that 18 environmental fecal samples were positive to E. coli in bacteriological screening and biochemical test. The overall prevalence of E. coli in Bengal tiger was 75% (n = 18/24). The antibiogram study unveiled that all the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline were 89% (n = 16/18) resistant. On the contrary, 100% (n = 18/18) of the isolates were sensitive to colistin sulfate. blaTEM was detected in 78% (n = 14/18) ampicillin-resistant isolates, whereas sul2 was found in 31% (n = 5/16) of the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-resistant isolates. Conclusion: This study, first time in Bangladesh, highlights a significant proportion of environmental fecal samples from captive Bengal tigers at Safari parks harboring antibiotic resistant E. coli. Transmission of resistant E. coli from Bengal tigers to humans and the environment could pose a public health risk at Safari parks in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 341-345]

Objective: The present study was carried out to identify the associated Salmonella and Escherichia coli in betel leaves (Piper betle), and to develop an effective method to remove those microbes. Materials and methods: Betel leaves were collected from local and whole sale markets, and borouj (cultivation place). Salmonella and E. coli were isolated and identified by cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests followed by confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the genus specific 16S rRNA genes. Antibiogram of the isolated bacteria was performed by disc diffusion method. Different concentrations of Salmosan-A Soln were used to remediate the contaminating bacteria keeping the quality of betel leaves for longer periods.Results: Total Salmonella counts in the betel leaves were 3.9×105, 4.9×106, 3.5×104, 1.1×103 and 1.5×103 CFU/mL, while E. coli counts were 5.5×107, 6.3×107, 4.4×105, 3.3×103 and 3.1×103 CFU/mL in the betel leaves collected from K.R. market, Kewatkhali Bazaar, whole sale market, borouj in Kushtia and borouj in Natore, respectively. Antibiogram study revealed that the isolated bacteria were sensitive to doxycyclline, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and cefotaxime. Application of 0.3% Salmosan-A Soln was found to be the most effective and suitable, where [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 73-80]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from raw milk samples of cattle and buffalo, and to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Materials and methods: A total of 34 milk samples were collected twice from 17 different healthy cattle (n=14) and buffaloes (n=3) at one-month interval, and analyzed in laboratory by staining, cultural and biochemical characteristics followed by polymerase chain reaction targeting nuc gene of S. aureus and 16 S rRNA of E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated bacteria was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Results: Confirmation of the isolates as S. aureus and E. coli were carried out by PCR using nuc gene, 16S rRNA gene specific primers specific for S. aureus and E. coli respectively. A total of 12 samples (35.29%; 11 from cattle, 1 from buffalo) were found to be positive for S. aureus; 5 and 7 during first and second month, respectively. The E. coli were found in three samples (2 from cattle, 1 from buffaloe); one in first month and two in the second month. The antibiotic sensitivity test using 4 commonly used antibiotics indicated that the most of the isolates were resistant to Gatifloxacin and one isolate showed intermediate resistance to Ofloxacin while sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin.Conclusion: Two different species of bacteria i.e., S. aureus and E. coli are contaminating with milk samples. The pathogenic bacteria can be controlled effectively by using Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin in the case of mastitis in cattle and buffaloes in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 62-67]

A crucial first step in preventing the introduction and spread of harmful microorganisms in poultry farms is biosecurity. The objectives of this investigation were to assess biosecurity measures and the prevalence of different E. coli species in commercial chicken farms in Sharkia province, Egypt. Sensitivity of E. coli strains was identified, and their susceptibility to antibiotics and disinfection was evaluated as well. Four farms provided 21 samples each, for a total of 84 samples. Three samples of each were collected for water, feed, litter, cloaca, wall, hand, and foot boots. All the studied farms obtained a "poor biosecurity" grade, meaning that their overall biosecurity score, which is comprised of 40% external and 36.54% internal biosecurity, was less than 50%. Escherichia coli species were found in 79.76% of the samples. It was isolated from water, feed, litter, cloaca, walls, hands, and foot boots with percentages of 91.6; 83.3; 91.6; 100; 58.3; 58.3 and 75%, respectively. Biosecurity level had significant negative correlations with the isolated E. coil species. Escherichia coli O119 was the most common serotype in litter and the cloaca, while E. coli O1 was the most prevalent serotype in walls and hands. Additionally, serotypes for E. coli O26, O159, O128 and O78 were included. According to the patterns of antibiotic sensitivity, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, gentamycin, and levofloxacin showed intermediate sensitivity, whereas E. coli O119 bacteria were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin. In the absence and presence of organic matter, Virocid, Cid 2000 and finally Virkon S were the most efficient against E. coli O119. According to this study, there were differences in the investigated farms' biosecurity levels in relation to the occurrence of Escherichia coli. To reduce the introduction and persistence of E. coli in poultry farms, several biosecurity practices and management, including stringent cleaning and disinfection measures should be applied.

Avian colibacillosis is one of the most serious diseases that affect poultry and causes substantial morbidity and mortality rates as well as high economic losses. E. coli, are capable of acquiring resistance genes via gene transfer. The development of extended spectrum lactamases, or broad-spectrum lactamases, in E. coli is the most serious resistance mechanism. The goal of the current study was to detect the resistance associated genes of multi drug resistant E. coli isolated from broiler chicken by using PCR technique. In the current study PCR applied on 10 multidrug resistant E. coli isolates for detecting β-lactamases resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV), integron resistance gene (Int1, Int3), PCR was also used to detect disinfectant resistance genes as Quaternary ammonium compounds resistance genes (QacCD, QacA/B and QacED1). PCR results for antibiotic resistance associated gene showed that (10/10) of tested isolates had blaTEM and int1(10/10), blaSHV (6/10) and int3 (2/10) also PCR results for disinfectant resistance associated genes showed that (8/10) of E. coli isolates had QacED1, QacCD (2/10), and QacA/B (2/10). The (10) broilers flocks investigated in the study were infected with multi drug resistant, strains of E. coli, that haboured β-lactamases, integron resistance associated gene and quaternary ammonium compounds resistance genes.

This study aimed to investigate pathogenic microbial causes of mortalities in twenty rabbit flocks located in 4 governorates in Northwest of Delta Egypt during a period from 2019 to 2022.The mortality rate was varied from 10 to 90 % in either sex of different breeds and ages (15 day-18 month). Ten flocks (50%) were positive for Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) by HA and RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP60 gene indicated one sample (MW455128) was classic RHDV and eight strains (MW455120 - MW455127) were variant RHDV2.Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) was the predominant isolated bacteria (60%), belonging to various serotypes (poly 1, O26 K60, poly 2, O55 K59, poly 2, O126 K71, poly 1, O111, and poly 3, O114), followed by K. pneumoniae (35%), which was determined to be virulent by PCR detection of the uge gene (80%) and rmpA (40%), while the kfu gene was absent. Staph. aureus and Pasteurella multocida represented (30%) for each, while pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%) and Salmonella was negative. Pathologically, apoptosis was the most prominent lesion observed in liver, kidney, intestine, spleen, lung and heart, also there were severe enteritis, abscess in lung, liver and kidney and suppurative bronchopneumonia. By immunohistochemistry the RHDV antigen was detected in hepatic, splenic, renal, pulmonary, and cardiac tissues. The findings of this investigation highpoints on the significance of RHDVs (classic G3-G5 and variant RHDV2 which become more predominant), EPEC, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, P. multocida and p. aeruginosa  as rabbit pathogens causing mortalities in studied Egyptian provinces. So that, these results are important in any effort to control rabbit pathogens in Egypt.

Pathogens can acquire resistance to antimicrobials used in veterinary and medical fields. Such pathogens can be found in several dietary and environmental sources. As Gram-negative infections in humans are most frequently caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), antibiotic resistance in this organism is particularly concerning. This investigation was carried out to ascertain the antibiotic sensitivity profile of E. coli isolated from various food products randomly gathered from Egypt. To extract E. coli and examine its pattern of antibiotic susceptibility, 100 samples of raw milk, karish cheese, ground beef, and beef were bacteriologically processed. In the current study, E. coli strains were detected at a high frequency of 40% in raw milk, 28% in Karish cheese, 16% in ground beef, and 8% in beef. E. coli was isolated from 23% of milk, meat, and product samples. The 16S rRNA gene was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm E. coli strains. The isolates of E. coli with the greatest percentages of multidrug-resistant (MDR) were tetracycline (26%), ampicillin (21.7%), streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (17.3%), cefotaxime, kanamycin and ceftazidime (13 %). The total occurrence of MDR E. coli was 34.7%. Pathogen cycling in food is common and may endanger the consumer's health. To avoid this entirely, good hygiene practices for dairy farms and abattoirs are essential for preventing contamination of milk, meat, and product samples.

The aim of this study is to determine the possibility of transmission of some food poisoning bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Proteus spp.) from the surfaces of equipment and utensils used in small dairy shops for production of dairy products to the final dairy products through microbiological examination of 90 swabs which were collected from the surfaces of equipment and utensils in small dairy shops from different localities at Port-said governorate, Egypt, in addition to 45 of each commercial small scale yoghurt and rice with milk pudding samples collected from the same small dairy shops. The results showed that the mean values for Staphylococcus aureus counts were 4.7×10⁵±1.0×10⁵ cfu/g, 3.9×10⁵±8.8×10⁴ cfu/g and 9.4×10⁵±2.3×10⁵ cfu/g in swabs, yoghurt and rice with milk pudding samples, respectively, and The mean values for Streptococcus spp. were 2.2×10⁶±2.6×10⁵ cfu/g,1.4×10⁶±3.1×10⁵cfu/g and 3.2×10⁶±5.6×10⁵ cfu/g in swabs, yoghurt and rice with milk pudding samples, respectively, While the mean values of Escherichia coli were 1.7×10²±2.6×10¹ cfu/g and 1.2×10²±3×10¹ cfu/g in swabs and yoghurt samples, respectively, with absence in examined rice with milk pudding samples. Proteus spp. couldn’t be detected in any examined samples. It could be concluded that the microorganisms which isolated from yoghurt and rice with milk pudding samples have already found on equipment and utensils used in its manufacture, this may confirm cross-contamination from equipment and utensils surfaces to yoghurt and rice with milk pudding as a final dairy product of small dairy shops.

We aimed to systematize and assess scientific information on tetracycline (TET) resistance genes in animals, products, and by-products in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Only original articles published in peer-reviewed journals were considered. Sixty articles published between 2003 and 2023 met the inclusion criteria. The geographical areas of study were Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Costa Rica, and, to a lesser extent, Colombia, Bolivia, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Uruguay. The studies were related to livestock, wild animals, and pets. The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The tet genes found in higher frequency in the samples or isolates evaluated were tetA, tetB, tetM, tetL, tetK, tetC, tetO, tetD, tetG, tetW, tetS, tetQ, tetE, tetH, tetJ, tetZ, and tetY. Studies evaluating the presence of tet genes in animals in LAC are limited despite TET being antibiotics widely used in animals. It is necessary to establish cross border public policies that allow the constant training of medical and related personnel regarding the responsible use of antibiotics in animals and the effective monitoring of the phenomenon in the region.