The aim of the study was to determine how the spread of contagious agalactia in sheep and goats in the Odesa region depended on the age of the animals and the season.

Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid commonly used for epidural anesthesia in human either alone or in combination with bupivacaine but not in goat. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of epidural butorphanol either alone or in combination with bupivacaine. Fifteen adult apparently healthy goats were randomized into three equal groups to receive a lumbosacral epidural injection of bupivacaine 0.5 % (0.5 mg/kg), butorphanol 1% (0.08 mg/kg) or their combination (bupivacaine 0.25 mg/kg and butorphanol 0.04 mg/kg). Animals were observed for incoordination of hind limbs, perineal pin prick and sedation at 10 minutes interval. Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were assessed every 15 minutes. Epidural butorphanol resulted into significantly (P <0.05) rapid analgesia (9.8 ± 1.1 Min) than the butorphanol– bupivacaine combination (12.8 ± 0.84 Min) and bupivacaine (16.6 ± 0.55). Butorphanolbupivacaine combination provoked significant ((P < 0.05) prolonged intense analgesia (208 ± 8.36 Min) compared to either bupivacaine (112 ± 8.37) or butorphanol (166 ± 5.48 Min). Ataxia accompanied administration of bupivacaine either alone or in combination with butorphanol, while sedation was observed in animals received butorphanol alone or combined with bupivacaine. No significant changes were observed in heart rate, respiratory rate or rectal temperature. The epidural administration of butorphanol-bupivacaine combination promoted longer-lasting analgesia in goats without motor disturbances compared to bupivacaine alone. This combination might prove useful clinically to provide analgesia in goats for long-duration perineal obstetrical or surgical procedures.

This study was conducted to study the UV protective effect against Haemonchus contortus infection in goats. Sixteen male goats were divided into 5 groups, control infected, control uninfected and UV 30minutes; UV 60minutes and UV booster 60minutes exposure. The UV groups were exposed to UV irradiation at wave length 254nm for 30 and 60 minutes. The UV booster 60min was administrated 2 doses of exposed larvae with an interval of one month. All groups except the control negative one were challenged for 42 days from the beginning. In UV booster60min had reduction in egg count per gram feces and worm burden (93% & 34 % respectively). These parameters were similar in control infected, UV 30min and UV 60min groups. Increases in levels of antibodies were found in goats of UV booster 60min group the other groups. Finally, 2 doses of UV 60min exposure could protect goats from H. contortus.

In this study a total of 14 infected sheep and 6 lactating albino goats were used. These animals were proved to be brucellosis seropositive using TAT, MET, BAPAT, RBPT and rivanol test as well as bacteriologically positive by isolation of Brucellamelitensis biovar 3 from their milk. These animals were subjected to trials of treatment using three different methods. Goats treated by antibiotics combined withBCG showed the highest recovery rate (on bacteriological basis), followed by animalstreated with antibiotics only and finally animals treated with antibiotics combined ID.The recovered treated animals were placed under careful investigation for 2 yearswith no evidence of Brucella infection neither in them nor in their newborns.

The study aimed to investigate the presence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in pneumonic lung tissues from clinically apparently healthy sheep and goats and further demonstrating its prevalence in Gezira state, central Sudan. During March 2019, 99 pneumonic lung samples were collected from apparently healthy sheep (80) and goats (19) from Al-Hasaheisa slaughterhouse located in Al-Hasaheisa locality, Gezira state. Using the haemagglutination (HA) test for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antigen, an overall antigenic prevalence of 86.9% was demonstrated in sheep and goats lung tissue homogenate. Of note, the prevalence of PPRV is higher in goats (100%) compared to sheep (83.7%). In this study, the reported increasing prevalence of PPR in central Sudan might be because of insufficient vaccination of animals. The findings of the present study indicated the widespread of PPR amongst sheep and goats in Al-Hasaheisa, Gezira state. Detection of PPRV antigen in the pneumonic lung samples is an indication of exposure of these animals to PPRV or presence of PPR viral infection and demonstrates the role of PPR as the cause of pneumonia in small ruminants. In fact, the circulation of the virus in clinically apparently healthy animals poses a threat for other in-contact susceptible animals and could play a significant role in the spread of the disease.

Coenurosis is a zoonotic disease in a variety of ruminants caused by the metacestode of<em> Taenia multiceps</em>. The coenuri in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and goats have been identified as Coenurus cerebralis whilst those reported in other tissues have been named Coenurus gaigeri. This study was conducted during the spring and summer of 2011. Out of 25 739 goats inspected in slaughterhouses, 23 carcasses (0.09%) revealed one or multiple visible swellings on the different muscles and visceral organs. The coenuri, of variable sizes, were found mainly in the muscles of the thigh, shoulder and neck, and were less common in the abdominal muscles and subcutaneous tissues. Coenuri were also found in the diaphragm, tongue, intercostal muscles, lung, parotid area and tunica adventitia of the aorta in a goat with severe infection. The brains of slaughtered goats that had coenuri in their skeletal muscles were examined and coenuri were found in two specimens (8.69%). The coenuri were located in the occipital lobe, the anterior part of the right cerebrum and the parietal lobe of the left cerebrum. Histopathologically, coenuri in the brain caused pressure atrophy and liquefactive necrosis in the surrounding tissues, hyperaemia, perivascular cuffing, neuronal degeneration, neuronophagia, satellitosis, diffuse microgliosis and astrocytosis. Coenuri in the skeletal muscles caused degenerative and necrotic changes, hyalinisation and myositis. In the lung, tissues around the coenurus revealed atelectasis and focal interstitial fibrosis. In the present study, concurrent occurrence of coenuri in the central nervous system and skeletal muscles supports the hypothesis that C. cerebralis and C. gaigeri are different names for the metacestodes of the same species of tapeworm.

In the present study, the humoral immune response developed following vaccinationwith the live-attenuated (Smithburn) Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine in sheep, goats,cattle, buffaloes and camels was investigated. Results showed that, serum neutralizing antibody titers of RVF virus started to appear in the sera of all vaccinated animals with live-attenuated Rift valley fever vaccine after the first week post-vaccination and reached its peak after the third month of vaccination. It persisted to be higher than the acceptable limit of protection (>40) in the sera of sheep and goats in more than 6 months post-vaccination while it declined in the sera of cattle, buffaloes and camels to become lower than the acceptable limit of protection (<40) after the sixth month post-vaccination. On the other hand, the serum neutralizing antibody titers remained negative in the sera of non-vaccinated (control) animals throughout the study. It could be concluded that, the neutralizing antibodies following vaccination of cattle, buffaloes and camels with live attenuated RVF (Smithburn) vaccine was low and of a short duration compared with those in sheep and goats. Hence, it is important to prepare a new vaccine which is safe and gives a high immune response for long period in cattle, buffaloes and camels instead of live attenuated (Smithburn) RVF vaccine to protect these animals species against this disease.

A survey amongst sheep and goat producers and veterinarians was undertaken to collect epidemiological data on orf in South Africa. Previous epidemiological studies on the presence of the disease in the country have not been documented and this report is the first descriptive epidemiological study of orf in South Africa. A seven-month investigation, realised by direct and indirect interviews and field observation, enabled us to outline incidence and risk factors of this disease and to better understand how the local farmers in rural areas relate to it. The results may contribute to better management of the disease in rural areas. By means of molecular analyses the phylogenetic relationships between field isolates from different areas have been identified. The findings gave a first important contribution to the general assessment of the economic impact of orf virus infections and the extent of the risk to human health.

Some pharmacokinetic aspects of sulphadoxine alone and sulphadoxine-trimethoprim (TMP) combination were studied in goats following single intravenous (i.v) and intramuscular (i.m) administration of 15 mg kg–1 b.wt. After i.v injection the serum sulphadoxine concentration time course was best described by two compartment-open model with distribution half-lives (t0.5(.)) 2.48 and 2.31 h., elimination (t0.5(3)) half-lives 23.10 and 24.75 h., total body clearance (ClB) 0.076 and 0.073 L kg-1 h.-1 and steady state volume of distribution (Vdss) 368.54 and 411.73 ml kg-1 for sulphadoxine alone and sulphadoxine-trimethoprim combination, respectively. After i.m administration the mean peak serum concentrations (Cmax) 25.69 and 33.31 ug ml–1 were achieved after maximum time (tmax) of 3.09 and 2.79 h. for sulphadoxine alone and sulphadoxinetrimethoprim combination, respectively. The absorption half-lives (t0.5(ab)) were 0.58 and 0.42 h., respectively. It is concluded that a combination of sulphadoxine and TMP can provide a synergistic level for both antimicrobials and thus be a useful combination in the treatment of various goat diseases.

A total of 100 fecal samples from goats were coprologically examined to investigate the main cause of diarrhea. Animals were divided according to the age into 3 groups (7-35 days, 35 days - 6month and over one year). The results revealed that Eimeria species was the most predominant parasite (70%), the parasitic gastroenteritis (28%) and Cryptosporidium species (21%). Ten species of Eimeria were identified from the infected animals, E. hirci, E. arloingi, E. intericata, E. ahsata , E. christenseni, E. marisca, E. crandalis, E. weybridegenesis, E. faurei and E. ovina. Three species of parasitic gastroenteritis (Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia species and Trichostrongylus species). Cryptosporidium oocysts were found common in young goats