Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the mean concentrations of heavy metals including aluminum (Al), arsenic, nickel (Ni), mercury, lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) and to assess the health hazards due to the exposure of cattle/human population to a distinct or the mixture of heavy metals through various sources. Materials and methods: A total of 180 samples including water sources, animal feed, and raw cows milk from rural regions in Qena, Egypt, were examined using the inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP; iCAP 6200). Results: The data highlighted heavy metal pollution with variable concentrations among most of the investigated regions. All concentrations of Al, Ni, and Cd detected in the feeding stuff showed a strong correlation to their respective levels in milk rather than those detected in water (R2= 0.072 vs. 0.039, 0.13 vs. 0.10, and 0.46 vs. 0.014, respectively) (p < 0.05). Anisocytosis and poi¬kilocytosis with a tendency to rouleaux formation were evident, and basophilic stippling was a pathognomic indicator for heavy metal toxicity, especially Pb. Leukopenia and macrocytic anemia were shown in 50% and 65% of examined cattle, respectively. The target hazard quotients values were more than one (>1) for all heavy metals from water intake for both children and adults and Al and Cd in milk for children, and the hazard index values were indicated higher for noncarcino¬genic health hazards. The target cancer risk values predispose people in the surveyed villages to higher cancerous risks due to exposures to the mixture of heavy metal through the consumption of water and milk. Conclusion: The bioaccumulation and transmission of heavy metal mixtures from water sources and feeding material have detrimental influences on milk pollution and cattle health which seem to be a serious issue affecting public health in those rural communities. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 345-359]

There is an increasing demand for chicken meat products due to their high nutritive value, specific aroma and flavor, and cheap price compared to red meat. However, there is a clear lack of information on the residual content of toxic metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and trace elements such as zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in such products. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate the residual contents of Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Cu in five chicken meat products including chicken burger, chicken fillet, chicken luncheon, chicken nuggets, and chicken panne. Moreover, estimated daily intakes (EDI), and the potential health risks of heavy metals due to consumption of such meat products were calculated for Egyptian adults and children. The achieved results indicated no detection of Hg in any sample. However, the other measured elements were detected in all examined chicken meat product samples at variable concentrations. The chicken burger had the highest metal concentrations. Several samples had higher Pb and Cd levels than the set maximum permissible limits. However, the calculated EDI, hazard ratio, and hazard index revealed no potential risks associated with the consumption of such chicken meat products among Egyptian adults and children.

A significant source of high quality animal protein, vitamins, and minerals are meat products. However, during the course of production or during the life of the animals used to produce the meat for these businesses, heavy metals may be present in meat products. The amount of dangerous metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and trace elements like copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) that remain in such items is obviously unknown. In order to determine the residual Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations in three meat products, pasterma, luncheon and sausage, this study was carried out. Additionally, for Egyptian consumers, estimated daily intakes (EDI) and potential health concerns associated with consuming such meat products were calculated. The obtained results showed that the evaluated products were contaminated with the tested metals at varying rates. The highest Cd, Cu, and Zn contents and contamination levels were generally seen in pasterma. While Pb contamination rates at luncheons were highest. The maximum allowable limits for heavy metal residues were not exceeded in any samples. The calculated estimated daily intakes, hazard ratio, and hazard index did not identify any potential concerns related to Egyptian consumers' consumption of such meat products.

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are well-known ascendant nosocomial pathogens. The recent detection of epidemiologic strain&#xD;carrying vanA gene in the community of people working with animals and in chickens has brought to the forefront the potential public health danger posed by these organism. The farm environment is a major source of VRE persistence in poultry farms. We carried out survival test to test the survival of the VRE isolates on dry condition and surface test to evaluate the inactivation of the isolates by in-use concentration of commonly used disinfectants. In the survival test, all isolates survived for at least 4 weeks in&#xD;colony counts of (1.00 × 103 – 3.86 × 103 CFU/ml) under clean condition and (1.00 × 103 – 2.02 × 104) for soiled condition.&#xD;Those that were suspended in 5% BSA solution to mimic organic matter load as obtainable on farms survived for at least 8 weeks at (1.54 × 102 – 1.34 × 103 CFU/ ml). In the surface test, inactivation of VRE isolates by in-use concentration of Lindores®, Omnicide® and Ecos Timsen® was tested using the European surface test (EST). All the tested disinfectants were active against the VRE isolates on both the standard test surface (stainless steel) and our test surface (wooden). The results shows microbiocidal effects (ME) for test disinfectants, i.e. the log10 CFU of micro-organisms compared between test biocide and control treated with distilled water, after 7 min of exposure as follows; Lindores® active on both surfaces 5.24 and 3.17, Ecos Timsen® active significantly on steel 4.90 than wood 2.98 and Omnicide® significantly less active on stainless steel&#xD;2.40 than on wood 3.50.

The health hazards of individual organophosphorus insecticides have been characterized by their acute toxicity, mainly by investigating their cholinesterase inhibition. However, the chronic effects of most of these toxicants on the drug-metabolizing enzymes have not been investigated. Profenofos (O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate) is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in cotton cultivation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of profenofos on male-specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in adult Wistar rats. We orally administered 17.8 mg/kg body weight, twice weekly for 65 days. Profenofos downregulated levels of hepatic and testicular CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 mRNA and protein expression. Testicular aromatase (CYP19A) mRNA was decreased in the profenofos-treated rats compared to controls. Overall, the present study suggests that profenofos acts as an endocrine disruptor of male-specific CYP enzymes and affects testosterone concentration, which implicates its deleterious effects on animal or human males chronically exposed to organophosphorus pesticide.