Clinical and pathological findings were described in stillborn kids affected with congenital goiter in a goat flock of Beetle breed in Garmsar Iran.The observations involved seven stillborn kids with goiter, including one case with triplet fetuses and two cases with twine fetuses. The thyroid glands were clearly visible, enlarged, and palpable in all the dead kids. The fetuses had a large swelling in the cranio-ventral neck region. Upon cutting skin in each fetus, the swelling revealed the extremely enlarged thyroid gland with two almost symmetrical lobes with both lobes approximately 15 × 8 × 5 cm in size.Histopathological hyperplastic goiter was observed in four kids and colloid goiter was diagnosed in three.Twins or triplets were observed to be predisposed to congenital goitre. All the stillborn kids were twins or triplets. On the other hand, single-born kids survived and showed a normal growth rate.

The poultry industry suffers from various diseases or stresses. In poultry, apart from being antipyretic, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is widely used to cope with different issues including heat stress, and respiratory and digestive orders. This study evaluated the beneficial and toxic effects of ASA at different dose levels in broiler birds. To evaluate these toxic and beneficial effects it is necessary to examine the physical and serum biochemical parameters as well as the histopathological changes with tissue sections taken from broiler birds under experimental trial. This study was conducted on 60 one-day-old broiler chicks purchased from a local market in Faisalabad. Chicks were reared for the first 14 days under similar conditions. On the 15th day, birds were randomly divided into 4 groups (1-4) with 15 birds in each group. Group 4 was kept as control, while groups 1, 2, and 3 were treated with ASA at the dose of 300, 600, and 1200 mg/L of drinking water for 21 days. There were 3 samplings performed at 21, 28, and 35 days post-treatment. The live body weight and carcass weight were noted on each sampling. All the visceral organs were recorded for gross pathological changes. The serum samples were collected for biochemical evaluation. Histopathology of all the visceral organs was performed to observe the microscopic changes. A significant (P<0.05) increase in live body weight at a 300mg/L dose was noted after the first 2 samplings. A significant (P<0.05) increase in the relative organ weight was recorded at 1200 mg/L. The groups treated with ASA 600 and 1200 mg/L showed increased (P<0.05) AST, ALT, and creatinine levels from that of the control group. The group treated with 1200 mg/L of ASA showed increased (P<0.05) urea, serum total protein, and albumin level in all the samplings. Histopathological changes revealed swollen hepatocytes, increased sinusoidal spaces in the liver, congestion and abnormal glomerular spaces in the kidney, congestion and alveolar disruption in the lungs, and generation of villi and cellular degeneration in the intestine in a high-dose group. The study concluded that ASA at a low dose can be used for a long time in broilers and has a growth promontory role, while high-level doses cause hepatorenal toxicity.

Fascioloides magna is a parasite of high veterinary importance due to its pathogenicity for wild and domestic ruminants. The aim of our study was to describe the presence of trematode infection in the red deer population in the Lower Silesian Wilderness, one of the established fascioloidosis foci in Central Europe, and to assess the overall prevalence of F. magna in the studied area. In order to achieve this, a coprological study of different cervid species was performed.

Capsicum genus contains many species of sweet and hot chili peppers. Capsicum frutescens is one of the important chili peppers that used as flavor, aroma and spices in the national cuisine. It has also been used as medicinal agents. The phytochemical compound which is responsible for the pungency is capsaicin. For control safety consumption, therefore the toxicity or side effect needs to be investigated. The aim of this research evaluated the amount of total phenols contents from different factors such as colors (red and green) and fruit parts (pericarp, capsaicin gland or placenta, and seed) of C. frutescens aqueous extraction in 1, 3, 5, 10 and 24 hours. The highest total phenolic content was shown in the 24 h extraction. So, this extraction time was used to investigate the cytotoxicity and histopathological alteration by using brine shrimp, Artemia salina as an animal model. Ten adults A. salina were incubated at room temperature for 24 h with various concentrations of chili. The mortality number of A. salina was recorded and the median lethal concentration value was calculated. The highest toxicity was reported in the green pericarp group. The primarily target organ was the intestine of brine shrimp. Enterocytes showed abnormal morphology such as edema, hyperplasia, disorganized arrangement, and finally necrosis. Moreover, the pericarp of the green chili showed the most severe results. It can be concluded that different colors and fruit parts of C. frutescens show different amounts of phenolic content and correlate with cytotoxicity leading to the severity of histopathological alteration in A. salina.

In this case, it was aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations along with surgical intervention results of a myxoid liposarcoma in a ten-year-old, female hybrid cattle. During clinical examination, an elastic mass, approximately 35x30x30 cm in size, was detected in the right fossa paralumbal region. As a treatment, total extirpation of the mass under sedation and local infiltration anesthesia was performed. The sections were prepared from the extirpated mass tissues and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological examination. In addition they were labeled with S-100 antibody for immunohistochemical examination. Histopathologically, atypical stellate spindle-shaped tumour cells were seen in the stroma of hypocellular region and inlarge lipoid cells locally and also, around the numerous vessels with thin Wall character. In addition, it was determined that these cells reacted positively with S-100 antibody immunohistochemically. After the removal of the mass surgically, no recurrence was observed during 2 year follow up and it was learned that the general condition of the cattle was good. As a result, due to the rarity of the disease, it was concluded that reporting myxoid liposarcoma cases may contribute to future studies.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin notably produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Bacillus subtilis fermentation extract (BSFE) contains specific enzymes which hydrolyse OTA. This study evaluated the efficiency of BSFE in ameliorating the immunotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of OTA in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks were divided equally into four groups of ten: control, OTA (0.5 mg/kg feed), BSFE product (1 mL/L water) and OTA + BSFE at the same concentrations. The chicks were vaccinated against avian influenza, Newcastle disease, and infectious bronchitis, and lymphoproliferation was induced in all birds by phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P). Serum samples were taken before sacrifice and organ tissue samples were taken after, in which renal function biomarkers were assayed and the presence of OTA residue was evaluated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Protein markers of apoptosis were determined by qPCR, and tissue lesions were examined histopathologically. Exposure to OTA significantly decreased the antibody response to the vaccines and the lymphoproliferative response to PHA-P, and significantly elevated the renal function indicators: serum urea, uric acid and creatinine. It also induced oxidative stress (reduced catalase activity and glutathione concentration), lipid peroxidation (increased malondialdehyde content), apoptosis (increased Bax and Caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 gene levels) and pathological lesions in kidney, bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus tissue. Residues of OTA were detected in the serum and tissue. BSFE mitigated most of these toxic effects. BSFE counters OTA-induced immunotoxicity and nephrotoxicity because of its content of carboxypeptidase and protease enzymes.

Akabane virus (AKAV) has been detected in a variety of host species in China, but there are only limited records of its occurrence in goats. However, more attention needs to be paid to understanding the diversity of viruses in this species. The aim of the study was to explore the genotype characteristics and variation trend of AKAV and their relationship with virulence in Yunnan, China. Blood samples were collected from goats during routine surveillance of goat diseases in Yunnan province in 2019. The AKAV CX-01 strain was isolated using BHK-21 cells. To understand pathogenicity, the virus was intraperitoneally (IP) and intracerebrally (IC) inoculated into suckling mice and tissue samples were subsequently analysed histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Akabane virus CX-01 strain induced encephalitis and impairment of the central nervous system with fatal consequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF sequences of the small segments indicated that the AKAV isolate used was most closely related to the GD18134/2018 Chinese midge and bovine NM BS/1strains, while phylogenetic analysis based on the medium segments showed a close relationship between CX-01 and the Chinese GLXCH01 strain. The CX-01 isolate was related to AKAV genogroup Ia and probably originated from a recombination of different strains.