The aim of the study was evaluation of the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-12β and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the serum and milk of cows with mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae.

Mastitis is an infectious disease condition resulting in inflammatory reaction which occurs when a large number of leukocytes migrate into the mammary gland. Mastitis causes significant financial losses for the global dairy industry. The present study aimed at development of transdermal film comprising of Azadirachta indica extract for treatment of mastitis, which is economical, safe and will not emerge multidrug resistance amongst pathogens. Azadirachta indica extract was prepared by sonication method. The extract was evaluated for minimum inhibitory concentration against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Transdermal films with Azadirachta indica extract were prepared with ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl acetate then subjected for the physical characterization, drug content, in vitro dissolution, tensile strength and antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extract displayed 5mg/ml. Based on quantification of azadirachtin by UV spectrophotometer 100 mg of extract was incorporated in each transdermal film. Transdermal films of Azadirachta indica extract possessed desirable physical properties, and exhibited the drug release of 91.54% in 8 hours. Transdermal film of Azadirachta indica showed sensitivity with a zone of inhibition of 19mm, 16mm, 19mm and 22mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. Data obtained revealed that transdermal films of Azadirachta indica extract exhibited good drug release profile and desirable physical properties, with good antibacterial activity. The present work reveals that transdermal film of Azadirachta indica extract can be considered for the treatment of mastitis.

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland caused in dairy cows due to bacterial infections causing high economic losses. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) is an effective genotyping tool for tracing the infection by different bacteria. One hundred milk samples were collected (50 from clinical mastitis and 50 from subclinical mastitis) from different dairy farms at different regions of El-Gharbia Governorate in Egypt. The samples were examined bacteriologically for the isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Corynebacterium bovis. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for the isolates and genotyping by ERIC-PCR were performed. Our results showed that the prevalence of K. pneumoniae was 41% from total samples and C. bovis strains was18% from subclinical mastitis milk samples. All the examined isolates were multi drug resistant with higher resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefotaxime for K. pneumoniae and to penicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline for C. bovis. Discriminatory index of ERIC-PCR was 0.984 and 1 for K. pneumoniae and C. bovis isolates, respectively. The dendrogram analysis for K. pneumoniae showed three clusters and two separate isolates, while for C. bovis 1 cluster with 2 sub clusters and three separate isolates were observed. It was concluded that ERIC-PCR is proven to be effective genotyping technique with high discriminatory index and is a good epidemiological tool for mastitis in cows as there was a genetic relatedness between strains collected from different regions at El-Gharbia Government in Egypt. This indicated the possibility of infection transmission between these regions and necessitates the need to increase control measures.

This study was conducted to identify the evidence and knowledge gaps in studies investigated mastitis, and quantify the prevalence of clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) in buffalo in Iraq. Databases used as search engines to track the studies included PubMed, CABI, IASJ, and Google Scholar. Additional pertinent studies identified via other methods were also considered for inclusion. Identified studies were divided into two main groups: (i) studies reported proportion of mastitis cases in lactating buffaloes, which were considered for meta-analysis; and (ii) studies that investigated presence of bacteria in milk sampled from buffaloes with different status of mastitis. A total of 17 studies were qualified for review; 9 reported proportion of mastitis episodes, and 13 isolated pathogenic bacteria in lactating buffalo milk. Prevalence of CM and SCM was 20.89% and 29.62%, respectively. The most isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus spp. (46.75%) followed by Streptococcus spp. and other miscellaneous bacteria at 32.96%, 19.04%, respectively. A substantial risk of bias was revealed in most of the identified studies. In conclusion, it is important to conduct further studies that apply standard epidemiological tools for estimating incidence and identifying risk factors of CM and SCM in buffaloes in Iraq.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important microbe which has the ability to cause a mastitis in cows and causes huge economic losses. This microorganism has a growing ability to resist antimicrobial agents which let to hinder the treatments programs. The study aimed to isolate and identify the prevalence of multi-drug resistant S. aureus in mastitic cows’ milk in delta region (Dakahlia and Damietta governorates). A two hundred milk samples were randomly selected from clinical mastitic and sub-clinical mastitic infected cows (one hundred from each); these infected cows farms located at Dakahlia and Damietta governorates during the period of November 2020 to March 2021. The samples were diagnosed using routine culture methods to isolate S. aureus. All suspected colonies were subjected to biochemical analysis for the basic identification of S. aureus colonies. The biochemically identified S. aureus colonies were confirmed by using molecular marker targeting thermonuclease-nuc gene by PCR. All the confirmed S. aureus isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing against eighteen antimicrobial agents by using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of the 200 tested milk sample, a forty-six were identified as S. aureus isolate revealed a total prevalence 23%. S. aureus prevalence rate in clinical mastitic and sub-clinical mastitic samples was 37 (80.4%), and 9 (19.6%), respectively. S. aureus isolates revealed a high resistant against oxacillin, ampicillin, and ceftiofur, and moderate resistance against tetracycline, amoxicillin- clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and gentamycin, while a high sensitivity of S. aureus was displayed against ciprofloxacin, SXT and marbofloxacin. All examined S. aureus isolates were sensitive against imipenem. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was displayed in all the isolates. Building food tracking and farm animal surveillance systems is essential to improving the healthiness processing and guaranteeing that consumers receive safe food.