Gentamicin sulfate-induced nephrotoxicosis was compared in 2 groups of horses fed different rations. Four horses were fed only alfalfa hay, and 4 other horses were fed only whole oats. Seven days after initiation of the diet, all horses were given gentamicin IV (5 mg/kg of body weight) every 12 hours for 22 days. Urinary gamma-glutamyltransferase to urinary creatinine (UGGT:UCr) ratio was calculated daily, and serum concentration of gentamicin was measured at 1 and 12 hours after drug administration. Results indicated that horses fed oats had greater renal tubular damage than did horses fed alfalfa. Mean UGGT:UCr for horses fed alfalfa was 47.1 +/- 18.8 and was 100.0 +/- 19.0 for horses fed oats (P = 0.007). The UGGT:UCr in horses fed oats was > 100 for a total of 54 days; horses fed alfalfa had UGGT:UCr > 100 for only 7 days. Two horses not given gentamicin were fed only oats and 2 were fed only alfalfa. These horses had mean UGGT:UCr of 17.6 +/- 2.2 and 30.5 +/- 3.0, respectively. Mean peak and trough concentrations of gentamicin were statistically different for horses fed oats and those fed alfalfa (peak 23.16 +/- 1.87 and 14.07 +/- 1.79 microgram/ml, respectively [P = 0.0001], and trough, 1.81 +/- 0.69 and 0.71 +/- 0.70 microgram/ml, respectively [P = 0.02701)]. Mean half-lives of gentamicin (estimated from peak and trough concentrations) for horses fed alfalfa (2.58 +/- 0.26 hours) and horses fed oats (2.88 +/- 0.27 hours) were not significantly different. Horses fed only oats had greater degree of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis than did those fed only alfalfa.

Indices of renal function and damage were measured in 12 healthy male adult llamas fed a diet of mixed alfalfa/grass hay (mixed hay) and water ad libitum. Using a collection bag fitted over the preputial area, urine samples were collected at 6, 12, and 24 hours. Serum samples were obtained concurrently to determine endogenous creatinine clearance (CL), total (TE) and fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, P), electrolyte CL, urine and serum osmolality, urine enzyme activities (gamma-glutamyltransferase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase), and urine protein concentration. Urine production was quantified. Three months later, 10 of the 12 llamas were fed a grass hay diet and water ad libitum. Similar samples were obtained, and similar measurements were made. Urine production was higher when the llamas were fed the mixed hay diet. Total urine volume for llamas fed mixed hay ranged from 628 to 1,760 ml/24 h, with a median of 1,307.5 ml/24 h, compared with a range of 620 to 1,380 ml/24 h and a median of 927.50 ml/24 h for llamas fed grass hay. Median urine osmolality was higher in llamas fed mixed hay (1,906 mOsm/kg of body weight, with a range of 1,237 to 2,529 mOsm/kg), compared with llamas fed grass hay (1,666 mOsm/kg with a range of 1,163 to 2,044 mOsm/kg). Creatinine CL did not vary significantly over time for either diet. Median creatinine CL was higher for llamas fed mixed hay, compared with llamas fed grass hay--0.78 ml/min/kg with a range of 0.20 to 1.83 ml/min/kg vs 0.45 ml/min/kg with a range of 0.13 to 3.17 ml/min/kg. Clearances for K and Cl varied significantly among the periods. However, median CL for Na and P did not vary over time for either diet. Overall values for these electrolytes in llamas fed mixed hay and grass hay diets were: CL(Na), 0.001 and 0.002 ml/min/kg and CL(P), 0.0006 and 0.0004 ml/min/kg respectively. The FE rates of K, Cl, and P did not vary significantly over time for either diet. Median respective FE for these electrolytes in the llamas fed mixed hay and grass hay diets include: FE(K), 84.90 and 63.10%; FE(Cl), 0.85 and 1.30%; and FE(P), 0.10 and 0.10%. Fractional excretion of Na varied over time for both diets and could not be expressed accurately as an overall median. Median respective TE of electrolytes for llamas fed the mixed hay and grass hay diets were: TE(Na), 0.007 and 0.03 mEq/kg/h; TE(Cl), 0.04 and 0.06 mEq/kg/h; and TE(P), 0.0002 and 0.00 mg/kg/h; TE(K) varied significantly (P < 0.05) over time for both diets. Urine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity changed significantly (P < 0.05) over time. Urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity was influenced by an interaction between diet and time. Median urine protein concentration was 26.0 mg/dl, with a range of 11.0 to 73.0 mg/dl for llamas fed mixed hay, and was 28.0 mg/dl, with a range of 16.0 to 124.0 mg/dl for llamas fed grass hay.

Nutritional alterations were evaluated in 9 horses before surgery and 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months (4 total trials) after sham operation (group 1; n = 3) or extensive large colon resection (group 2; n = 6). Feed and fecal analyses were performed to determine apparent digestion of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron, and true digestion of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total plant cell wall, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Additional fecal and metabolic variables included the percentage of fecal water (water in the feces), total fecal water, metabolic organic matter, metabolic crude protein, and metabolic nitrogen. A CBC and standard series of biochemical tests were performed. Large colon resection decreased (P less than 0.05) the true digestion of dietary crude protein and cellulose and apparent digestion of phosphorus, and it increased the fecal metabolic matter and water loss. Total fecal output increased 45% and total fecal water increased 55%. Phosphorus digestion was decreased (P less than 0.05) in group-2 horses, but effects of this were not detected on analysis of blood variables or on physical examination. Nevertheless, after extensive large colon resection, horses can regain body weight lost after surgery and have no overt physical changes when fed an alfalfa pellet diet that meets greater-than-maintenance requirements. Ad libitum water access is suggested, because these horses may have to consume 2 gal/day more than would normal horses.

<p>Ruminal degradability rates for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) of alfafa and perennial soybean, both fresh and artificially dried, were determined by nylon bags “in situ" technique. Eight male rumen fistulated crossbred steers were used in change-over design 4 x 4, to test the following treatments. A) perennial soybean fresh; B) perennial soybean dehidrated; C) alfafa fresh and D) alfafa dehidrated. There were no statistically significant differences for DM or CP. The DM degradability rates at 48 hours were: 56.89%; 58.73%; 59.55% and 55.43%. The CP degradability at 12,24 and 48 hours was higher for perennial soybean. No statiscal differences were found between fresh and dehidrated roughages. CP degradability rates at 48 hours of incubation time were 20.10%; 21.63%; 35.71% and 29.61% respectively for treatments A, B, C and D.</p> | <p>As taxas de degradação ruminal da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra bruta (FB) das leguminosas alfafa e soja perene, nas formas verde e desidratada, foram determinadas pela técnica dos sacos de náilon “ in situ”. Oito bovinos machos mestiços, com fístulas de rúmen, foram usados em um delineamento “change-over” com dois grupos de 4 animais, para testar os seguintes tratamentos: A) soja perene verde; B) soja perene desidratada; C) alfafa verde; D) alfafa desidratada. Os resultados mostraram-se estatisticamente semelhantes para MS e PB. As taxas de degradabilidade foram as seguintes, com 48 horas de incubação: MS = 56,89%; 58, 73%; 59,55% e 55,43%; PB = 73,91%; 74,43%; 76,44% e 71,16%. Para fibra bruta a degradabilidade da soja perene foi mais elevada que a da alfafa, nos períodos de 12, 24 e 48 horas de incubação, não havendo diferenças entre as formas verde e desidratada. Os resultados para 48 horas de incubação foram: 20,10%; 21,63%; 35,71% e 29,61%, nos tratamentos A, B, C e D respectivamente.</p>

As taxas de degradação ruminal da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra bruta (FB) das leguminosas alfafa e soja perene, nas formas verde e desidratada, foram determinadas pela técnica dos sacos de náilon “ in situ”. Oito bovinos machos mestiços, com fístulas de rúmen, foram usados em um delineamento “change-over” com dois grupos de 4 animais, para testar os seguintes tratamentos: A) soja perene verde; B) soja perene desidratada; C) alfafa verde; D) alfafa desidratada. Os resultados mostraram-se estatisticamente semelhantes para MS e PB. As taxas de degradabilidade foram as seguintes, com 48 horas de incubação: MS = 56,89%; 58, 73%; 59,55% e 55,43%; PB = 73,91%; 74,43%; 76,44% e 71,16%. Para fibra bruta a degradabilidade da soja perene foi mais elevada que a da alfafa, nos períodos de 12, 24 e 48 horas de incubação, não havendo diferenças entre as formas verde e desidratada. Os resultados para 48 horas de incubação foram: 20,10%; 21,63%; 35,71% e 29,61%, nos tratamentos A, B, C e D respectivamente.