BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) can induce major changes in the function of different organs, including the liver. Studies have indicated that ischemic post-conditioning (HIPO) can protect the tissues against ischemia-reperfusion injury.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ischemia post-conditioning against the IRI of the rat liver through four 30-second cycles of alternating ischemia and reperfusion, before 24-hour persistent reperfusion.METHODS: Fifteen rats were randomly divided into 3 groups 1) operation control group, 2) ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group whose liver was exposed to 60-miute ischemia of by 24-hour reperfusion and 3) ischemic post-conditioning (IR+IPO) group underwent the same procedure as the second group except that before persistent reperfusion, the rats were subject to post-conditioning by four 30-second cycles of alternating ischemia and reperfusion. The changes induced by IRI and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ischemic post-conditioning were assessed by the serum level of IL-6 using the ELISA method, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). RESULTS: Ischemic post-conditioning potentiated antioxidant effects and reduced the inflammation caused by the IR in the liver. The serum level of IL-6 reduced from 394.4±126.4 to 124.4±29.07 pg/ml (post-conditioning group), and the tissue MDA reduced from 431.4±76.53 to 207.2±25.77 nmol/g) compared to the IR group. The data revealed that the levels of the indices returned almost to the level of the operation control group (P<0.001). Additionally, the total antioxidant capacity of the liver significantly improved (P<0.01) from 11.58±1.87 (in the IR group) to 17.53±2.51 mmol/mg (in the IR+IPO group).CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that the protective effect of ischemic post-conditioning against IR-induced injury may be mediated through decreasing inflammation and improving antioxidant activities.

The current study evaluated the efficacy of Selenium Nanoparticles (Se-NPs) on hemato-biochemical, antioxidant biomarkers, and immunological responses induced by S. Typhimurium in broiler chickens. Chicks (N=120) were divided into six groups. Group 1: received no treatment and set as a control group. Group 2: fed Se-NPs enriched diet (0.5 mg/kg diet). Group 3: subjected to oral challenge with 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium. Group 4: administrated Se-NPs (0.5 mg/kg diet) then on day 21 was subjected to 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium. Group 5: vaccinated by a SERVAC Tri Sal. 0.1ml subcutaneous (s/c) injection on day 3 then subjected to 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium on day 21. Group 6: treated from day 1 with Se-NPs (0.5 mg/kg diet) till the end of the experiment and vaccinated by a SERVAC Tri Sal. 0.1ml (s/c) on day 3 and then subjected to 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium on day 21. The results showed that S. Typhimurium significantly decreased erythrogram, lymphocytes count, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, serum iron, and TIBC, GPX, SOD, TAC, and IL-10 expression compared to the control.  Meanwhile, S. Typhimurium significantly increased TLC, heterophils, monocytes, serum ferritin, liver enzymes (ALT, AST), renal products (creatinine, uric acid), MDA, IL6 expression. Conversely, the dietary Se-NPs supplementation and/or Salmonella vaccine to the infected broiler induced, to various degrees, improvement in hemato-biochemical, antioxidant biomarkers, and proinflammatory responses compared to challenged group. In conclusion, dietary Se-NPs supplementation offered a direct protection against S. Typhimurium infection for sustaining poultry production and correspondingly protecting human health.

Despite of the great efforts to develop effective control programs for mastitis, it is still one of the most economically important diseases in dairy cattle herds. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a member of coliform Gram-negative bacteria causing treatment-resistant clinical or sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cows. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of affection with clinical P. aeruginosa mastitis on some oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines and proteins, in addition to some complement factors in Holstein dairy cows. Affection with P. aeruginosa mastitis evoked a state of oxidative stress which accompanied with depletion of cellular enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidants and elevation of lipid peroxide and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) level. Additionally, this affection stimulated the release of some inflammatory cytokines and proteins, enhanced activity of caspase-1. In contrary, the level of complement factor 2 (C2), complement fragments C3b and complement fragment C5a has been decreased upon affection with mastitis. In conclusion, marked oxidative stress state and enhanced release of inflammatory cytokines and proteins with complement system defective activation may share in pathogenesis and virulence of P. aeruginosa-induced clinical mastitis in dairy cattle.

The aim of this study was to elucidate current perspectives of redox status in dairy cows and their effects on energy metabolites and immune-inflammatory status during the close-up period. The study was conducted on dairy cows at various stages of lactation, between November 2019 and January 2020. An observational study was conducted on 36 cows, at ~ 4 weeks (28 day ± 2 day; means ± SD) before the expected time of calving. Cows were proved healthy on both clinical and laboratory examinations. A blood sample was drawn from each cow on the 28th day before the expected time of calving to quantify selected biochemical variables. The study cows were allocated into two groups based on serum oxidative stress index (OSi) concentrations, the first group included twenty-seven cows with high values of OSi, while the second group included nine cows with low values of OSi and served as negative controls. All cows were clinically healthy and showed no signs of illness throughout the study period. Cows with high OSi had higher serum levels of advanced oxidation protein products, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxy butyric acid, glucose, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and immunoglobulin G than negative controls; while had low levels of serum anti-oxidant capacity (SAC), glutathione peroxidase, vitamin E, and insulin. The results herein confirmed that cows during the close-up period were likely under oxidative stress, and the latter makes cows vulnerable to the development of negative energy balance and significant immune-metabolic alterations. The results of OSi, ROS, and SAC could be used as reference variables to assess the redox status of transition dairy cattle.

The present study analyzes the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against diazinon (DZN)-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five groups with six animals in each group: Group 1 (G1) was maintained in typical control circumstances and given saline once daily intragastric (IG) for 4 weeks; G2 was administered 0.1 mL olive oil IG for 4 weeks; G3 was administered IG NAC 150 mg/kg daily as an aqueous solution for 4 weeks; G4 was administered IG diazinon at a dose of 15 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks; and G5 was administered IG NAC daily one hour before diazinon at the same dose in G3 and G4 for 4 weeks. Sub-chronic exposure to DZN impairs the kidney structure and function, as evidenced by the histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression of NLRP3, NFκB, IKB, BCL2, BAX mRNA. Our findings showed that NAC reduces the renal dysfunctions induced by DZN by restoring urea and creatinine levels as well as oxidative indicators. Moreover, serum inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α) concentrations were ameliorated by NAC treatment. However, NAC has shown to play a beneficial role against nephrotoxicity by reversing the cytoarchitecture and downregulation of inflammatory (NLRP3, NFκB, IKB) and apoptotic (BAX) as well as upregulated BCL2 genes and proteins in kidney tissues, bringing them to near-normal levels. Moreover, IHC examination of renal tissue revealed the attenuation of expression of TNF-α. Therefore, NAC could be potentially used to protect the kidneys from pathological changes induced by DZN.

The purpose of the current investigation is to determine how soy isoflavone (ISF) and genistein (GS) affects oxidative stress, IL1-ß and PPARγ signaling pathways in liver of obese rats and how this pathway is involved in controlling the formation of hepatic fat. The study included 60 male Sprague Dawley rats that were allocated to six groups (n = 10rats) :(I) Fatty liver was induced in rats were daily fed  (60% fat energy, high fat diet (HFD)) for 12 weeks ; (II) (Fatty liver + ISF group)  rats were daily fed with HFD and 10 mg/Kg ISF  intragastrical for 12 weeks ;(III) (Fatty liver + GS group)  rats were given HFD and 16 mg/Kg GS in 0.1%  DMSO once daily by intragastric tube for 12 weeks; (IV) (Normal control group) rats were fed with normal balanced diet for 12 weeks; (V)(Normal diet + ISF group) rats were fed with normal diet and 10 mg/Kg ISF  intragastrical for 12 weeks; (VI) (Normal diet + GS group)  rats were fed with normal diet and 16 mg/Kg GS for 12 weeks. All rats allowed water whereas rats got HFD were accompanied by 18% sucrose solution freely. Also, weight was measured weekly. At the end of the experiments lipid profile and liver function were analyzed. Moreover, the levels of MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH, and the gene expression of IL1-ß and PPARγ genes were detected.  Our study showed that fat content was significantly lowered in the liver of ISF and GS  -fed obese rats, accompanied by a reduction in hepatocellular vacuolation when compared to the fatty liver control. In ISF and GS fatty liver treated groups SOD, CAT and GSH activities were significantly increased in comparison to the Fatty liver untreated group in addition to that MDA level decreased in ISF and GS groups.IL1-ß expression and PPARγ expressions was dowenregulated in Fatty liver  + ISF and  Fatty liver+  GS treated rats when compared with Fatty liver one,however the results in Fatty liver+  GS treated rats was significantly Improved over ISF +  Fatty liver.Genistein administration alleviated fatty liver  through the down-regulation of PPARγ and IL-1 β  and up-regulation the activity of oxidative stress marker ( SOD , CAT and GSH).

Gentamicin (GEN) is considered an aminoglycoside antibiotic which is widely used to treat numerous bacterial infections. It has toxic effect on liver tissue. Curcumin (CMN) is a natural polyphenolic compound with antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory potentials. The current study sought to investigate the effect of CMN in protecting against GEN-induced hematological alterations and hepatotoxicity. Rats were randomly assigned into 4 equal groups: Control, gentamicin group (100 mg/kg b.wt, i.p, daily for seven days), curcumin group (200 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 21 days) and curcumin plus gentamicin group. After 21 days, some hematological and serum biochemical parameters were measured. GEN-intoxicated group showed a marked decline in RBCs count, Hb concentration as well as PCV% with insignificant difference in MCV, MCH and MCHC. Moreover, there were leukopenia, lymphopenia and neutrophilia in GEN group. Concerning to the serum biochemical examination, a substantial increase in the serum activities of ALT, AST and ALP with a marked decline in the total protein, albumin and globulin serum levels were recorded following GEN injection. In addition, there was a marked increase in the cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose serum levels. Improvement in all tested parameters were noticed following concurrent CMN administration with GEN. Based on these results, CMN could be recommended as a treatment strategy for protection against GEN-induced hematological alterations and hepatic injury.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been widely used in various industrial and medical applications. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) plays a great role in the antioxidant defense system. This research was conducted to investigate the potential therapeutic effect of ALA on MWCNTs induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Forty albino rats were assigned into four equal groups: Group Ⅰ (Control) was treated with 1% tween-80 (0.25 mL/rat/IP) for 5 days, followed by distilled water (2 mL/kg/PO) for 10 days, group Ⅱ (ALA) was orally administered ALA suspension (200 mg/kg) for 10 days, group Ш (MWCNTs) was intraperitoneally injected with MWCNTs suspension at the concentration of 0.5 mg/kg daily for 5 days followed by (2 mL/kg per day) distilled water for 10 days, and group Ⅳ (MWCNTs+ALA) was treated with MWCNTs (0.5 mg/kg, once, IP) for 5 days followed by ALA (200 mg/kg, PO) for 10 days. At the end of experiment, the rats were euthanized. Blood and kidney samples were collected from all rats for biochemical, kidney for histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses. MWCNTs substantially increased blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and malondialdehyde. Meanwhile, they markedly reduced glutathione levels. Additionally, MWCNTs induced several histopathological alterations, including dilatation and congestion of most glomeruli, degenerative changes of renal tubules and prominent interstitial hemorrhage. A significant increase in area percentage of caspase 3 and COX 2 in MWCNTs exposed rats. On the other hand, ALA administration alleviated the adverse toxic effects induced by MWCNTs. Conclusion, ALA significantly ameliorate MWCNTs-induced nephrotoxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic mechanisms.

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known industrial and environmental pollutant having hazardous and poisonous properties in various forms of kidney impairment. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of palm dates extract (PDE) and olive leaves extract (OLE) against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced nephrotoxicity. A total of 36 adult male albino rats were divided into six equal groups. Group 1: control group injected with physiological saline, group 2: oral gavage with PDE, group 3: orally administrated with OLE, group 4: injected daily with CdCl2 (3 mg/kg, i.p.). Groups 5 and 6: were orally treated with either PDE or OLE, respectively one hour prior to ip administration of CdCl2. After one-week samples were collected from all groups for serum biochemical analysis of kidney function as well as investigation of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Kidney tissue specimens were obtained for histopathological examination. CdCl2 exposure caused a significant elevation (P<0.05) in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and MDA levels with marked reduction in CAT, SOD and GPx indicating renal damage. CdCl2 induced severe congestion and vasculitis with marked perivascular edema, inflammation, hemorrhage, glomerular shrinkage, massive degeneration, necrosis and apoptosis in the renal tubular epithelium. PDE and OLE treatment resulted in significant improvement in kidney function and oxidative markers with a marked reduction of MDA level. Histopathological changes were also ameliorated. In conclusion, PDE or OLE treatment significantly reduced the deleterious effects of acute CdCl2 renal damage by reducing oxidative stress as a protective mechanism.

The most prevalent component of the volatile oil found in Nigella sativa seeds is thymoquinone (TQ). As well as being used as food supplements, the seeds and oil are also utilized in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether TQ could protect rats from acute nephrotoxicity caused by diazinon (DZN). Six equal groups of thirty six adult’s male Wistar rats were created at random. Group 1 (G1) was maintained in typical control circumstances and given saline daily intragastric (IG) for 4 weeks; G2 was administered 0.1 mL olive oil IG for 4 weeks; G3 was administered 0.1 mL DMSO IG for 4 weeks; G4 was administered IG TQ at a dose of 10 mg/kg B.W. daily for 4 weeks; G5 was administered IG DZN at a dose of 15 mg/kg B.W. daily for 4 weeks; G6 was administered IG TQ daily one hour before DZN at the same dose in G4 and G5 for 4 weeks. The findings shown that TQ reduces the renal dysfunctions brought on by DZN by restoring urea and creatinine levels as well as oxidative indicators. Although the expression of Keap-1 was also elevated, overexpression of Nrf2 also enhanced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NFκB in renal tissue. Also, TQ increased antiapoptotic (BCL2) factors and decrease proapoptotic (BAX) factors. As a result, it is hypothesized that TQ may be helpful in the prevention and management of acute nephrotoxicity brought on by DZN.