Four diets were formulated to contain: 16% protein and 0.4% phosphorus-diet 1; 16% protein and 1.4% phosphorus-diet 2; 32% protein and 0.4% phosphorus-diet 3; and 32% protein and 1.4% phosphorus-diet 4. Forty-eight dogs were fed diet 1 for 3 months after surgical reduction of renal mass, then were allotted to 4 groups of 12 dogs each, with equal mean values for glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Dog of groups 1-4 were fed diets 1-4, respectively, for 24 months. Data collected from the dogs during and at termination of the study were analyzed statistically for effects of dietary protein, phosphorus (P), time, and interactions between these factors. During the 24 months of study, 24 dogs developed uremia and were euthanatized for necropsy. Necropsy also was performed on the remaining 24 dogs after they were euthanatized at the end of the study. Dog survival was significantly enhanced by 0.4% P diets (vs 1.4% P diets), but survival was not significantly influenced by amount of dietary protein. The 0.4% P diets (vs 1.4% P diets) significantly increased the period that GFR remained stable before it decreased, but dietary protein did not have significant effect. Significant blood biochemical changes attributed to P, protein, and time were identified during the study. Terminally, plasma parathyroid hormone concentration was significantly increased from prediet values in all groups of dogs. Urine protein excretion was not significantly affected by dietary amount of either protein or P, when measured by either timed urine collection or urine protein-to-creatinine ratio. A tendency was seen for increased protein excretion with passage of time. Histologic and mineral analyses of kidneys removed at necropsy revealed some significant difference attributable to diet, but differences were more marked when diet was ignored, and the 24 surviving dogs were compared with the 24 that developed uremia. Overall, amount of dietary P was more important than amount of dietary protein for preventing adverse responses. However, because renal damage specifically attributable to either dietary component was not obvious, it is possible that the effects of P were manifested by extrarenal mechanisms.

Four consecutive 6-hour urine sample collections were performed on 7 healthy adult Holstein cows fed a diet of coastal Bermuda hay with ad libitum water consumption. Urine (via indwelling urinary catheter) and venous blood samples were collected at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. Total 24-hour urine production for the 7 cows ranged from 4,515 to 7,130 ml/d (mean +/- SD, 5,633 +/- 946 ml/d) or 0.02 to 0.04 ml/kg of body weight/d (mean +/- SD, 0.03 +/- 0.007 ml/kg/d). Renal clearance (C) of creatinine (Cr), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) varied significantly (P less than 0.05) among individuals, but did not vary significantly among the four 6-hour collection periods. Clearance of chloride (Cl) and phosphorous (P) did not vary significantly either among individuals or among the four 6-hour periods. Clearance of potassium (K) varied significantly (P less than 0.05) among individuals and among the four 6-hour periods. Creatinine clearance was significantly (P less than 0.01) correlated with CCl, CCa, CP, and CMg when all data were considered. Significant (P less than 0.05) correlations were also found between CCl, and CK, CCa, CP, and CMg; between CCa and CP and CMg; and between CP and CMg. Fractional excretion (FE) of Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, and Mg did not vary significantly among the four 6-hour periods. Fractional excretion of Na, Ca, and Mg (P less than 0.01) and K and P (P less than 0.05) varied significantly within individuals among the 6-hour periods. Mean FE values, calculated by averaging values for each of the 4 collection periods for all 7 cows, ranged from 0.05 to 0.78% for FENa; 129.33 to 670.40% for FEK; 1.23 to 6.23% for FECl; 0.17 to 4.44% for FECa; 0.36 to 1.14 for FEP; and 4.96 to 11.73% for FEMg. Linear relationships between the clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes were observed on base-10 logarithmically transformed data for Na, Ca, P, and Mg. Linear relationship was not found between CK and FEK or between CCl and FECl.

The ability of ectopic parathyroid tissue to support calcium homeostasis was evaluated by measuring serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, albumin, magnesium, and parathyroid hormone before and for 12 weeks after bilateral thyroparathyroidectomy in 14 cats. During the immediate postoperative period, significant decrease was observed in serum calcium, magnesium, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. Serum PTH concentration remained subnormal and did not significantly increase during the 12-week observation period. Despite persistent hypoparathyroidism, serum calcium and magnesium concentrations gradually increased. Ectopic parathyroid tissue is not capable of maintaining normal serum calcium concentration immediately after thyroparathyroidectomy. Serum calcium concentration gradually normalizes after thyroparathyroidectomy, apparently by means of a PTH-independent mechanism.

The effects of sodium bicarbonate (0.5 mEq/kg of body weight, 1.0 mEq/kg, 2.0 mEq/kg, and 4.0 mEq/kg) on ionized and total calcium concentrations were determined in clinically normal cats. Also, serum pH, whole blood pH, and serum albumin, serum total protein, and serum phosphorus concentrations were measured. Intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate to awake cats decreased serum ionized calcium and serum total calcium concentrations. All dosages of sodium bicarbonate were associated with significant decreases of serum ionized calcium concentration. This effect lasted for greater than 180 minutes when cats were given 2.0 mEq/kg or 4.0 mEq/kg. When cats were given 4 mEq of sodium bicarbonate/kg, serum ionized calcium concentration was significantly decreased, compared with that when cats were given lower doses, but only at 10 minutes after infusion. After sodium bicarbonate infusion, serum total calcium concentration, measured by ion-specific electrode and colorimetry, was lower than baseline values at most of the times evaluated. Decreases in serum ionized calcium and serum total calcium concentrations can be attributed only in part to an increase in serum or whole blood pH and to a decrease in serum protein concentration. Serum total calcium concentrations measured by ion-specific electrode and by colorimetry were positively correlated, but the variability was high. Only 44% of the varibility in serum ionized calcium concentration could be predicted when serum total calcium, albumin, total protein, phosphorus, and bicarbonate concentrations and pH were considered.

fenbendazole safety tested in pigs, significant gross or histopathologic lesions not found

A five week feeding study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of calcium, available phosphorus (AP) on broiler performance, carcass traits and deposition of calcium and phosphorus in serum and tibia of broiler chickens. Two hundred and fifty two one day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used. The birds were weighed and assigned to equal nine treatment groups: three calcium to phosphorus ratios were used, 2:1, 1.75:1, and 1.5:1, there were three different values of available phosphorus for each calcium into phosphorus ratio according to the feeding stage. Each treatment had four replicates and each replicate contained seven chicks. The results showed that during starter stage, performance at available phosphorus 0.5% and 0.45% were significantly higher than that of 0.4% regardless of calcium levels for body weight, body weight gain and high feed intake, but during the finisher period, there was no significant difference between treatments. Treatment with Ca level 1.5 and AP 0.4% is the same result of treatment with Ca level 2 and AP 0.5%in all stages. Treatment with Ca level 1.75 and AP 0.35% showed the highest serum ALT, Ca and P measurements and non-significant changes  in treatments with AP 0.4. AST and creatinine in treatments with AP 0.3% showed significant decreases compared to treatments with AP 0.4%. Increasing of Ca level and P availability resulted in decreased Ca levels in ash in all stages. Increasing P availability resulted in decreased P levels in all stages. Phosphorus availability 0.4% showed high significant differences from AP 0.3% in weight, eviscerated, dressing and breast. Drumstick and thigh in all treatments were the same except the high Ca level 1.5 with AP 0.35% and Ca level 2 with AP 0.3%, which showed the lowest significant difference from other treatments. It could be concluded that calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) utilization at low rate with low available phosphorus could be effective.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of 3 electrolyte solutions administered SC to experimentally dehydrated inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). ANIMALS 9 inland bearded dragons. PROCEDURES In a randomized, complete crossover study, experimental dehydration was induced by means of furosemide (10 mg/kg, SC, q 12 h for 4 doses), and then lactated Ringer solution, Plasma-Lyte A, or reptile Ringer solution (RRS; 1:1 mixture of 5% dextrose solution and isotonic crystalloid solution) was administered SC in a single 50-mL/kg dose in 3 treatments sessions separated by a minimum of 14 days. Food and water were withheld during treatment sessions. Plasma biochemical values, PCV, blood total solids and lactate concentrations, and plasma osmolarity were measured prior to (baseline) and 4 and 24 hours after fluid administration. RESULTS Administration of RRS resulted in severe hyperglycemia (mean ± SD plasma glucose concentration, 420 ± 62 mg/dL), compared with baseline values (190 ± 32 mg/dL), and this hyperglycemia persisted for at least 24 hours. It also resulted in significant reductions in plasma osmolarity and sodium and phosphorus concentrations, which were not observed after administration of the other 2 solutions. Administration of lactated Ringer solution caused no significant increase in blood lactate concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The changes in plasma glucose, sodium, and phosphorus concentrations and plasma osmolarity observed after SC administration of a single dose of RRS suggested this type of electrolyte solution should not be used for rehydration of bearded dragons. Rather, lactated Ringer solution or Plasma-Lyte A should be considered instead.

This study was conductedon raw cow’s milk collected in seven statesof Malaysia to investigate the compositionof minerals and trace elements in the milk.Raw cow’s milk samples were collectedfrom Kedah, Perak, Johor, Melaka,Pahang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilanfrom January to November 2015. ICPMStechnique combined with microwavedigestion were applied to determine theconcentration of five major minerals (Na,Mg, K, Ca and P) and eleven trace elements(Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Mo,Baand Pb) in the milk samples. The resultof analysis showed relatively constantcomposition of minerals and trace elementsin the samples but some variations wereobserved in certain states. Application ofprincipal component analysis (PCA) in thecomposition data showed different clusterexists between the states of Selangor andNegeri Sembilan as well as Kedah andNegeri Sembilan. There is no significantdifference observed in the compositionsof minerals and trace elements betweenother states. The compositions of mineralsand trace elements in raw cow’s milk inMalaysia are comparable with reports fromother research. Further studies can be doneto investigate the source of nutrient, foodor environmental condition that producedthe amounts of minerals and trace elementsin the milk.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of dietary nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) content on ileal lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine expression in the cecal tonsils and spleen of hens that were or were not inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium. ANIMALS 64 Salmonella-free hens. PROCEDURES Hens were fed a diet with 0.22% (control; n = 32) or 0.42% (high-P; 32) NPP for 6 weeks and then orally inoculated with S Typhimurium (5 × 107 CFUs) or PBSS. Tissues were obtained from 8 S Typhimurium–inoculated and 8 PBSS-inoculated hens from each group at 2 and 7 days postinoculation (DPI). Percentages of ileal CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Cytokine mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR assays. RESULTS For S Typhimurium–inoculated hens, plasma parathyroid hormone concentration was significantly increased and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration was decreased in hens fed the high-P diet, compared with values in hens fed the control diet. Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation caused an increase in the percentage of ileal CD8+ lymphocytes and the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-γ, IL-12, and IL-18 in the cecal tonsils and spleen and a decrease in the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 in the cecal tonsils. Hens fed the high-P diet had significantly increased splenic expression of interferon-γ at 2 DPI and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 at 7 DPI, compared with hens fed the control diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested there was a T-helper 1 cytokine reaction in the cecal tonsils and spleen of S Typhimurium–inoculated hens, and dietary NPP content altered calcium regulation hormone concentrations and affected splenic cytokine expression.

Blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) and pH; plasma lactate concentrations; and total protein, total calcium (CaT), albumin, and phosphorus concentrations in serum were determined in 40 healthy horses before (T1), at the finish line (T2), and 10 minutes after the finish (T3) of the cross-country phase of a 3-dayevent competition. Mean (+/- SEM) Ca2+ concentrations decreased from 6.22 +/- 0.04 mg/dl at T1 to 5.04 +/- 0.07 mg/dl at T2 (P less than or equal to 0.05). This decrease was accompanied by a nonsignificant increase in CaT between T1 and T2. The mean (+/- SEM) percent ionization of calcium decreased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05), from 50.9 +/- 2.75% at T1 to 40.3 +/- 3.58% at T2. Significant increases in mean albumin, total protein, phosphorus, and lactate concentrations and a significant decrease in mean pH were observed at T2 (P less than or equal to 0.05). At T3, mean Ca2+ and percent ionization had increased, but remained significantly less than resting values. Mean CaT was significantly decreased at T3, compared with values at T1 and T2. Correlation of mean Ca2+ concentration with all other measured variables at each time was evaluated; correlation coefficients between mean Ca2+ and all other variables were low (r2 less than or equal to 0.38), indicating low biological significance.