Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in human and animal patients. Early detection and treatment of the disease are important and can be facilitated by proteomic approaches providing biomarkers.

Common protein sources used in the manufacturing of diets for dogs are derived from by-products, which may have reduced digestibility depending on the source. This study evaluated the effect of the addition of a protease, the papain enzyme, as a supplement to extruded diets on palatability, nutrient digestibility, and fecal production and quality of dogs. A diet was formulated with poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal, and feather meal as protein sources. This formula was divided into three isonutrient diets: one negative control (NC), without enzymes; treatment one (EZ1) with addition of 855.000UI of papain per kilogram of diet, and treatment two (EZ2) with addition of 2.280.000UI of papain per kilogram of diet, both added before extrusion. The experiment followed a randomized block design, with two blocks of nine animals (three animals per treatment in each block), 18 dogs in total, and six replicates per treatment. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of three treatments were compared by polynomial contrasts (P <0.05). No differences in the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients nor changes in palatability, pH, and fecal production among treatments were found with the addition of different doses of enzyme to the diets (P > 0.05). The fecal score was reduced with increased addition of enzyme (P < 0.05).

P. multocida contains one or more antigenic determinant of different proportions responsible for partial protection offered by the heterologous serovars. SDS-PAGE analysis of the whole protein profile prepared from sheep local isolates of P. multocida types (A, D), Mannheimia haemolytica type (A), P. trehalosi type (T) as well as standard strain of P. multocida (B6) revealed that the protein profile exhibited some differences with variable molecular masses ranged between 14 to 116 kDa. There are sharing protein subunits of molecular masses of 66, 37 and 28 kDa as the unique cross-reactive antigens in all isolates. The protection percentage for the vaccinated mice with inactivated M. haemolytica against the challenge with virulent strain of P. multocida type A, D and B6 are 30%, 30% and 20% respectively and 25%, 25% and 20% respectively in the groups of mice vaccinated with inactivated P. trehalosi so, there is cross reaction but limited cross protection between pasteurella isolates. The suggested vaccine must contain local isolates of P. multocidaserotypes A, D and B6 as well as M. haemolytica and P. trehalosi.

In this study five serotypes of E. coli were isolated from chickens and identified as O1, O2, O6, O78 and O126 out of 33 isolates derived from a total of 60 samples. SDS-PAGE revealed that four proteins were characteristic and shared in all these serotypes at the molecular weight of 21, 30, 55 and 74 kDa of which 55 and 74 kDa proteins were fully reacted with the antisera against E. coli in the western blot. Other proteins are present but varied from one serotype to another.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the level and degradability of crude protein (CP) on the digestive metabolism and productive performance of dairy cows. In both experiments, 15 Holstein cows with 585 ± 40 kg of body weight were distributed in a Latin square design with five contemporary squares, three periods of 21 days and three treatments. In experiment 1, treatments consisted of three CP levels (130, 160 or 180 g CP/kg DM), while in experiment 2, the treatments consisted of three levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP; 80, 100 or 120 g RDP/kg DM) in diets with average of 163 g CP/kg DM. Variables evaluated in both experiments were dry matter intake (DMI), total apparent digestibility, milk yield (MY) and composition, ruminal fermentation and N balance. In experiment 1, the increase of CP from 130 to 180 linearly increased the organic matter, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake (kg) and the apparent total digestibility coefficient of DM and CP. In addition, a linear increase of MY, fat corrected milk (FCM) and daily production of fat, protein, lactose, casein and total solids was observed. A linear increase in ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration and nitrogen excretion in milk, feces and urine was also observed. However, there was no observed effect on SCFA concentration. In experiment 2, the increase of the RDP from 80 to 120 increased the DMI, MY, FCM, milk protein content and digestibility coefficient of the NDF, ADF and ethereal extract. Additionally, there was an increase in NH3-N concentration and milk nitrogen excretion. The studies indicated that the increase of CP content up to 100 g RDP/kg DM increased the DMI and the productive performance of the cows, but also increased urine N. Thus, it is desirable that the increase of the CP through the increase of the RDP is carried out up to 100 g of RDP/kg DM, since there is elimination of nitrogen, decrease of milk yield and decrease of propionic acid in values above that level.

A total of 620 egg samples from different species (chickens, ducks and ostriches) and 1615 poultry samples (chickens, ducks, pigeons, quails, turkeys and ostriches) were examined for salmonella infection. 12 salmonella isolates were obtained from the egg samples (1.9%) and 67 isolates from poultry samples (4.1%). Salmonella isolates were serotyped into S. enteritidis (25 isolates), S. typhimurium (17 isolates), S. infantis (12 isolates), S. montivideo (7 isolates), 3 isolates for each of S. rubislaw and S. cerro , 2 isolates for each of S. virginia, S. agona, S. poona, and S. derby and 1 isolate for each of S. sandiago and S. kentucky. The incidence of isolation from different poultry species was discussed in details. Antibiogram of the isolated salmonellae against 10 different antibiotics revealed that norofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cepheridin and gentamycin gave the highest activity against different salmonella isolates while amoxicillin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin showed the highest resistance rate. Pathogenicity of the isolated serovars was tested in chickens. All isolates were found pathogenic with various degree of virulence. SDSPAGE protein analysis for the salmonella isolated form different poultry species revealed 12 protein bands ranged from 22-289 kDa. The differences were insufficient for reliable differentiation between the isolates and accordingly, it could be used beside other molecular techniques in differentiation between the salmonella strains.

Increasing somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk has a great effect on the chemical characteristics of milk especially fat, protein, lactose, and casein. So, rapid detection of these changes lead to great improvement of milk investments as, it facilitates mastitis control process. For rapid detection of these changes, Bacsomatic™ instrument was used for SCC determination and Milkoscan™ for determination of fat, protein, lactose, and casein percent. There were significance differences between SCC and fat, protein, lactose and casein as p≤0.0001. Also, there were negative correlation (r) between SCC and fat, lactose and casein percent while, there was a positive correlation (r) between SCC and protein. So, control measures for prevention of mastitis, increased SCC (scc/ml) and monitoring were suggested to control changes in chemical constituents of milk.

Objective: Protein is needed for chicken growth, but high protein consumption causes a low protein efficiency ratio and causes feed prices to be expensive. Therefore, the immunological potential of fermented snail meat hydrolysate in local chickens was studied for feed supplements in low-protein rations to reduce costs. Materials and Methods: The research used snail meat hydrolysate resulting from submerged fermentation with starter culture from rice washing water. Using hydrolysates as a fishmeal substitute to reduce the protein content of male local chicken diets. Hydrolysate is mixed into the formulated ration: P0 = 12% fish meal in feed without hydrolysate added, P1 = 8% fish meal in feed plus 5 ml hydrolysate/kg feed; P2 = 4% fish meal in feed plus 10 ml hydrolysate/kg feed; and P3 = Feed without fish meal plus 15 ml hydrolysate/kg feed. The study used completely randomized study parameters, namely the production performance of 200 chickens and the immune system (including lymphoid organs and hematological status) of 60 chickens. Results: Snail meat hydrolysate (10 ml/kg) can replace the reduction in the use of fish meal from 12% to 4% in ration formulation without reducing production performance and has no negative effect on the immune system. Conclusion: Snail meat hydrolysate has the potential to be used as an immune antibiotic to replace the use of fishmeal in the development of low-protein dietary formulations without affecting production performance or negatively affecting the chicken&apos;s immune system. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 71-77]