Objective: This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of Salmonella in various meat products (beef from cattle, chevon from goats, mutton from sheep and jaziir from camel), by screening the various selling points which includes; meat retailers in abattoir, markets and shops in Maiduguri and its environs. Materials and methods: A total of 120 samples of fresh meat from cattle, sheep, goats and camels sampled from ten meat retailers in abattoir, markets and shops in the Maiduguri metropolis, using simple random sampling technique. All samples were processed and examined according to standard bacteriological protocols. Results: Percentage occurrence of Salmonella species had the highest value of 15 (50.1%) from the market, found in sheep, while the lowest occurrence of Salmonella species was associated with 3(10.0%) in goats sampled from shop meat.. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella species from cattle meat revealed high resistant to Erythromycin (52%). In sheep, the higher percentage of resistance occurred against Ampicillin (33.3%) and less resistant to Amoxicillin (4%) was obtained. The isolates from camel meat recorded 25% resistant against Ampicillin, Gentamycin and 12.5% to Streptomycin. A total of 28.4% of the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, Gentamycin and 23.1% to Ofloxacin. Conclusion: The study has shown that Salmonella species are present in fresh meat sold in abattoir, retail markets and shops. We recommend strict hygienic measures in places where fresh meat are sold in Maiduguri metropolis, Nigeria to ensure consumers right to have safe food. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(3.000): 227-233]

The present study was undertaken to mitigate Salmonella from betel leaf in Mymensingh. A total of 35 betel leaf samples were collected from 2 baroujes and 5 local markets in Mymensingh. The samples were sub-divided into two groups: (i) phosphate buffer solution (PBS) washed, and (ii) grinded sample. There was control and treated (with 1.5% vinegar, sorbitol, and sodium benzoate) sub-groups in both groups. Mitigation of Salmonella was determined by comparing Total Viable Count (TVC) and Total Salmonella Count (TSAC) of control with treated groups. No bacterial growth was observed in the betel leaf samples collected directly from barouj level. At market level, when grinded, there was no growth of bacteria in Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Salmonella- Shigella (SS) or Xylose Lysine De-oxy-chocolate (XLD) in both treated and untreated groups. But when the PBS washed samples were used, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) of betel leaf ranged from 5.16±0.82 to 5.96±1.11, whereas the TSAC value ranged from 4.87±0.58 to 5.56±1.00 for untreated group. In vinegar, there was no growth, but when treated with sorbitol, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 5.00±0.54 to 5.66±1.09, and TSAC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 4.28±0.71 to 4.78±0.64. When treated with sodium benzoate, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 5.06±0.53 to 5.75±1.02, and TSAC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 4.34±0.79 to 4.92±0.64. Data of this study indicates that all the three chemicals were effective in terms of reducing bacterial load but vinegar (1.5%) was found to be the most effective against Salmonella as well as some other bacteria when treated for 10 min.

Ensuring food safety and strict hygienic practices adopted across the meat industry's whole supply chain is a primary responsibility of the food safety sector. Monitoring the sanitary status of the retailed meat products is necessary to complete this task. Meat products including luncheon, sausage, burger, and minced meat retailed in Sharkia governorate, Egypt, were evaluated for hygiene indicators such as total bacterial counts (TBC), total coliforms counts (TCC), total Staphylococcus aureus (TSC), and total mold counts (TMC). Furthermore, isolation of some pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., and Listeria spp., was done. The results showed varying rates of microbial contamination in the examined meat products. Minced meat was generally the most contaminated with microorganisms. Salmonella spp., and Listeria spp., were isolated from the examined samples at varying rates. In conclusion, to produce meat products of excellent keeping quality, it is strongly advised to follow stringent hygiene procedures when handling meat from the time of slaughter and though out all manufacture process

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica along the food chain has posed a public health concern worldwide. In the current study 180 samples of sausage, beef burger, cattle minced meat, buffalo minced meat, luncheon, and hot dog 30 of each type were chosen at random from supermarkets and butcher shops in Egypt's EL-Sharkia Governorate. The aerobic plate count (APC) mean values were 5.58± 0.26, 6.28 ± 0.35, 6.36 ± 0.45, 6.23 ± 0.41, 3.22± 0.28 and 3.08 ± 0.22 log10 CFU/g in examined sausage, beef burger, cattle minced meat, buffalo minced meat, luncheon and hot dog, respectively. The Salmonella detected in was 3/30 (10%), 5/30(16.66%), 6/30(20%), 5/30(16.66%) and 1/30(3.33%) in examined sausage, beef burger, cattle minced meat, buffalo minced meat, and luncheon respectively. The S. Typhi was the predominant among isolates (30%) followed by S. Kentucky (20%) then S. Typhimurium (15%) and finally S. Anatum (10%). The resistance was 100% for ampicillin, 80% for Kanamycin, 65% for erythromycin, 60% for amoxicillin and penicillin, and 55% for sulfamethoxazole. On the other hand, the sensitivity was 90% for gentamycin, 85% for norfloxacin, 75% for ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. To reduce the risk of Salmonella infection in the consumer population, a food safety program should be implemented during the processing of meat products.

Bacterial contamination has been proven to be common in a variety of foods, especially meats. For this reason, this study was conducted to evaluate the bacteriological quality of imported chilled meat traded in Port-Said markets where 64 random samples of chilled meats represented by 28 imported chilled beef meat samples from lots arrived at Port-Said port (un-marketed) and 36 imported chilled beef meat samples collected from retailed markets at Port-Said governorate (marketed). Samples were analyzed for their total aerobic count., Enterobacteriaceae count, E. coli, total staphylococcus, and S. aureus counts and detection of salmonellae. The total bacterial count recorded an average of 10.73x104 and 2.5x106 in un-marketed and marketed chilled meat respectively. The results showed that 18 out of 64 meat samples were positive for Enterobacteriaceae and 6 samples out of them were unaccepted for human consumption. The incidence of E. coli was in 6 samples from the examined chilled samples, and the 6 were unaccepted. For staphylococcus, there were 24 positive samples, and 13 out of them were unaccepted and for S. aureus, 4 samples out of 64 samples were positive and 4 samples were unaccepted for consumption. Two samples out of 64 were positive for salmonella and considered unfit for human consumption. The obtained results confirmed the poor bacteriological quality of some imported chilled meat that is marketed in Port-Said retailed markets which is related to unhygienic transportation methods until reach the retailed markets.

A total of 50 random samples of freshly slaughtered broiler chickens were randomly collected from different private local poultry retailers in Port-Said Province, Egypt, and then transferred to Animal Health Research Institute. The study was conducted for the determination of the total colony counts, Enterobacteriaceae counts, total Staphylococcus aureus count, and total Escherichia coli count. In addition to the detection of Salmonella spp. The obtained results revealed that the total colony count ranged from 3.98 to 6.91 log cfu/g with a mean value of 6.33+5.59 log cfu/g and the Enterobacteriaceae counts ranged from 2.23 to 4.82 with a mean value of 4.21+3.52. Meanwhile, the incidence rate of S. aureus, E. coli, and salmonella in the examined samples was 10%, 70%, and 100%, respectively. The count of S. aureus ranged from 1 to 3 log cfu/g with a mean value of 2.47±1.61 log cfu/g and the E. coli count ranged from 2.11 to 3.74 log cfu/g with a mean value of 3±2.28 log cfu/g. The total colony counts were within the Egyptian Standard by 24% and exceed the standard by 76%. From the achieved results, it was concluded that chicken meat could be contaminated with several types of bacteria through slaughtering, handling, and cross-contamination in the market which affect the chicken meat quality and have public health hazards. The high contamination level of chicken meat indicates the poor hygienic measures applied during the slaughtering process and marketing.

Poultry bacterial pathogen is a major problem in poultry farms, with serious consequences for poultry and human. Two hundred samples of apparently health and freshly died broiler were collected from different commercial farms at Sharkia governorate, Egypt. Salmonella spp. detected in (29%) of examined specimens and serologically identified into S. Typhimurium, S. Kentucky, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Agama with percentages 9.5%, 6.5%, 5%, 4.5% and 3.5%, respectively. Meanwhile, Pseudomonas spp. detected in (19%), the most prevalent serotype was P. aeruginosa O2, O5, O9, and O11. However, the antimicrobial-resistant strains of pathogens continuously emerge, with ineffective of medical treatments, thus, the isolates were examined for detection of multidrug resistant (MDR), doxycycline exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Salmonella spp. (55.17%); and ceftriaxone and doxycycline against Pseudomonas spp. (52.63%). Uniplex PCR examination for ampC, stn, tetA(B), integrase genes on MGEs were detected in all Salmonella spp. isolates, and mexR, tetA (B), integrase genes in all examined MDR P. aeruginosa isolates, meanwhile, exoU detected in 80% on MGEs. A novel antibacterial strategy was achieved to minimize economic burdens and the health associated with antimicrobial resistance which obliterate pathogens without any adverse effects on poultry and human. Therefore, the application of a trial using M. Oleifera nanoemulsion in order to control the multidrug resistant genes expression. These findings demonstrated that M. oleifera nanoemulsion was a good choice to its potential as a drug that can be used against Salmonella and P. aeruginosa in poultry industry.

Microbial biofilm is one of the most serious problems facing poultry farms all over the world and especially in Egypt. Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus were the highest implicated bacteria in biofilm formation in poultry farms. Consequently, 440 samples were collected from 8- broiler and 8-layer farms at El- Sharkia Province, Egypt, during the period from (July 2021till August 2022). The objective of the study was to evaluate biofilm development capacity of the tested bacterial species by the microtiter plate (MTP) assay. Also, the efficacy of five disinfectants commonly used in poultry farms (Sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, Virkon S, glutaraldehyde and copper sulphate) with different concentrations (1, 2 and 5%) and different contact times (10, 60 and 120 m) on reducing the biofilms produced by S. Enteritidis, E. coli O78 and S. aureus was estimated. Results showed that out of 440 collected samples, 17 (3.8%), 200(45.5%) and 66 (15%) strains were identified as Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. 88.2%, 92% and 87.8% of the isolates of Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus were biofilm producers. The most effective disinfectant was sodium hypochlorite which eliminated the biofilms of S. Enteritidis and E. coliO78 when used at concentration 5% for 120m while 5% for 60 m against S. aureus biofilm. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide showed great efficiency and complete removal of biofilm of S. Enteritidis when used at concentration 2% for 120m and 5%f or 120 m against S. aureus biofilm, meanwhile removed 91% of E. coli O78 biofilm when used at concentration of 5% for 120 m. However, Copper Sulphate was insufficient disinfectant to be used against the biofilms. It can be concluded that the anti-biofilm efficiency of the disinfectants increases with the increase concentration and contact time with biofilms especially when using oxidizing disinfectants (hypochlorite and peroxides).

One issue that intensive farming has to deal with is neonatal calf diarrhea, and probiotics are seen to be a viable solution to improve the health of calves. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of short-term administration of an antibiotic or probiotic to diarrheal calves on total leukocytic count, serum bactericidal activity, and phagocytosis, as well as to identify potential bacteria that may cause calf diarrhea in early life stages. 55 diarrheal calves, ranging in age from 1 to 20 days, were sampled for feces at a private dairy farm in the Sharkia governorate. E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Clostridium species were among the isolated bacteria, with prevalence rates of 58.2%, 8%, and 12%, respectively. The O26, O111, O119, O128 and O125 serogroups of E. coli isolates were the identified serotypes. While S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were the recovered Salmonella serotypes. The results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that the invA gene was amplified in the four salmonella isolates but the phoA gene was amplified in all E. coli isolates. Since only the alpha toxin gene was present in each isolate of C. perfringens, they were all type A. Antibiogram test results showed that most isolated species were multi-drug resistant to the ten commonly used antibiotics. On the other hand, isolates of E. coli, salmonella, and clostridium that demonstrated sensitivity for amoxicillin with percentages of 93.3%, 100%, and 66.7%, respectively, represented the medicine that was most successful. Regardless of infection, probiotic or antibiotic treatment, the total leukocytic count values in all diarrheal calves were considerably greater than those in the control group. Serum bactericidal activity in probiotic-treated calves was significantly higher than in the control and antibiotic-treated groups, while it was significantly lower in the antibiotic-treated group. Calf polymorphonuclear leukocytes treated with antibiotics or probiotics had considerably increased phagocytic activity than the control group. In conclusion, probiotics supplementation is an effective strategy for the prevention and control of calf diarrhea.

In recent years there has been a dramatic development for multidrug-resistant and disinfectant-resistant bacteria in poultry farms, to investigate the current prevalence and losses associated with these phenomena, Samples from chicks were taken from 3 poultry stations A, B, and C beside broiler hatcheries (newly hatched chicks). Newly hatched chicks were monitored for Clinical signs, postmortem examination, and performance and mortality rate for one week old. All newly hatched chicks showed the appearance of gasped chicks with low vitality and the rates of gasping increased at the farm level with increased mortality from 8.8 %- 15.5% in the first week. Postmortem examination revealed the presence of nephritis with urate deposition in the ureter, air vasculitis with the appearance of a nodule, a large gall bladder, and a cecum with a greenish color. E. coli was recorded with a high percentage 57.4% followed by S. Typhimurium 8.2% and P.aeruginousa 4.1%. Clostin showed impressive results for treating isolated bacteria from chicks, while erythromycin, spiramycin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, bacitracin, streptomycin, followed by ampicillin, doxycycline, and gentamycin showed high resistance among isolated bacteria. Alarmingly, 88.9% (8/9) of the E. coli strains were XDR to different classes. In contrast, 11.1% (1/9) of the isolated E. coli strains were multi-drug resistant. One isolate of S. Typhimurium was PDR and another isolate was MDR. All of the P. aeurginosa strains were XDR to different classes. The previous results showed the risk of infection comes from the improper disinfection of the hatchery and how it is associated with losses in poultry farms and there is a need for the prevalence of the disinfection genes in hatchery bacteria.