Protocols for cooling or freezing goat semen usually recommend centrifugation for seminal plasma removal. However, little is known about the effect of this process on goat sperm viability and functionality. The present study evaluated the effects of centrifugation force on the plasma membrane, acrosomes, and DNA integrity of goat semen. Four ejaculates from each of the four different Anglo Nubian male goats were used. Semen samples were obtained using artificial vagina, and immediately after collection, ejaculates were diluted using Ringer’s sodium lactate solution and split into three groups: Control (CG, without centrifugation), G1 (centrifugation 600 x g/10 min), G2 (centrifugation 1200 x g/10 min). After centrifugation, seminal plasma was removed, the sperm pellets were resuspended using Tris-egg yolk extender (80 x 106 spermatozoa/mL) and the sperm morphology was analyzed. Samples were cooled at 5°C for 5, 24, 36, and 48 h and then sperm plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI, %) and sperm DNA fragmentation index (SDF, %) were evaluated at each time-point, using a flow cytometer. Additionally, sperm movement was determined using computer semen analysis (CASA) after 5, 24, and 48 h of refrigeration period. The semen centrifugation did not induce additional sperm morphology defect or reduction in sperm kinetics in the experimental groups. Differences were not observed (p > 0.05) in PMAI and SDF among different groups, in any of each timepointof the cooling process. In conclusion, centrifugation, even at high speeds, did not affect goat sperm integrity and functionality when submitted to refrigeration process.

Carnivore semen cryopreservation procedures started with semen washing and centrifuging in culture media for seminal plasma removal and microorganisms elimination. The objective of this study was to perform coatis semen cryopreservation comparing the effects between two extenders Ham’s F-10 and M199 for washing and centrifugation before cryopreservation using Dilutris medium. Semen samples (n = 36) were collected by electroejaculation from six adult male coatis (Nasua nasua) between May and October of 2008 at the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Zoo. Sperm total motility (%), progressive sperm motility (0-5), plasma membrane integrity spermatozoa rates (%), and acrosome integrity (%) were analyzed. These fresh semen samples were divided in two fractions, diluted in 1 ml of Ham’s F-10 (Ham’s F-10, Nutricel S.A., Brazil) or M199 (M199, Nutricel S.A., Brazil) and centrifuged at 300 g for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and pellets resuspended in 1 ml of Dilutris (Dilutris, Minitube®, Brazil), stored at 5ºC for 3 hours, transferred to 0.25 ml straws, placed in liquid nitrogen vapor for 20 min, and immersed in liquid nitrogen. The means/SD for fresh semen and cryopreserved semen using Ham’s F-10/Dilutris and M199/Dilutris were, respectively: 84.28 ± 11.57, 45.38 ± 27.26, and 44.61 ± 25.03 for total motility; 3.64 ± 1.44, 2.15 ± 1.14, and 2.07 ± 1.03 for progressive sperm motility; 92.76 ± 3.46, 84.69 ± 15.77, and 89.76 ± 13.97 for live spermatozoa rate; and 94.76 ± 2.89, 92.35 ± 4.73, and 90.58 ± 7.17 for acrosome integrity. No significant difference (P < 0.05) were observed between the values obtained from the Ham’s F-10/Dilutris or M199/Dilutris treatments. Both treatments demonstrated to be suitable for freezing semen from this species.

Due to the high importance of the venereal transmission of bovine leptospirosis, this study aimed to test the ability of PCR to detect Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo DNA in experimentally contaminated bovine semen. Employing primers directed to the 16S rRNA gene, 10 bacteria/ml of semen could be detected by PCR. Results achieved in this work show that PCR can have a great potential to detect Leptospira spp. in insemination centers. | Considerando a importância do sêmen na transmissão da leptospira bovina, foi realizado o presente estudo que teve como objetivo aplicar a reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para a detecção de leptospiras em sêmen bovino experimentalmente contaminado. A reação de PCR foi capaz de amplificar um fragmento de DNA específico de 330 pares de bases a partir de cultivos puros de 26 sorovares de Leptospira spp. A contaminação experimental de sêmen com Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo revelou que a técnica de PCR conseguiu detectar 10 bactérias/ml, concentração sensivelmente mais baixa que as 1.000 bactérias/ml detectadas através do cultivo microbiológico. Os resultados observados revelam o grande potencial da reação de PCR para a detecção de Leptospira spp. em sêmen bovino, notadamente em centrais de inseminação artificial.

Twenty-four ejaculates were collected from five boars for the conventional freezing procedure at the Veterinary School of Hannover (group 1A-1B) and for an extended holding time procedure (group 2A-2B and 3A-3B). The semen were prediluted in two different diluents, coconut water in natura and Merck I medium before freezing (experiment A) and prediluted only with Merck I, but cooling and freezing with coconut water in natura or lactose (experiment B). The semen were arranged into three groups according to the different holding periods before freezing, group 1A-1B (sperm-rich phase, preserved for 4 hours by 15°C), group 2A-2B (sperm-rich phase, preserved for 16 hours by 18°C) and group 3A-3B (total semen, preserved for 16 hours by 18ºC). The quality of the thawed boar spermatozoa was evaluated by subjective motility (SMOT), computerassisted motility (Cell Motion Analyser, Strömberg-Mica - CMOT) and morphology of acrosomal ridges (NAR) after fixation in formol citrate. The acrosomal integrity (NAR) was 65% (group 1A), 71% (group 2A) and 75% (group 3A) for semen prediluted with coconut water and 60% (group 1A), 68% (group 2A) and 68% (group 3A) for semen prediluted with Merck I medium, respectively (experiment A); and 56% (group 1B), 68% (group 2B) and 73% (group 3B) for semen freezing with coconut water diluent, and 60% group 1B), 68% (group 2B and 3B) for semen freezing with lactose (experiment B). Thus, did not differ significantly (p<0.05) between both pre-diluents and both freezing diluents. However, the post thaw motility by both SMOT and CMOT and the acrosome integrity (NAR) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the semen preserved for extended holding time (group 2A-2B and 3A-3B) than those for short time (group 1A-1B). It is concluded that the extended holding time has a better effect to protect acrosome of boar spermatozoa and also maintain sperm motility. Therefore, preserving boar semen for longer period before freezing is indicated for subsequent research on in vitro research with boar semen. And because the results using coconut prediluent and diluent were similar to that using Merck I medium (experiment A) and using lactose (experiment B), it is also indicated to use coconut for diluent and for freezing boar semen. | Foram utilizados vinte e quatro ejaculados de cinco diferentes cachaços na congelação de sêmen suíno, sendo doze deles pré-diluídos em água de coco in natura e em Merck I, utilizando a lactose como diluidor de refrigeração e de congelação (experimento A) e doze pré-diluídos apenas com Merck I. Após três diferentes pré-tratamentos, a água de coco in natura foi utilizada como diluidor de refrigeração e de congelação, sendo a lactose utilizada como controle (experimento B). Seguiu-se a metodologia convencional de congelação de sêmen desta espécie -Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (grupo 1A-1B) e um novo processo com longo período de equilíbrio (grupos 2A-2B e 3A-3B). A qualidade do sêmen descongelado foi avaliada pela motilidade subjetiva (SMOT), motilidade computadorizada (CMOT) e morfologia das células com borda apical normal (NAR), após fixação em formol citrato. As porcentagens de espermatozóides com NAR foram 65% (grupo 1A), 71% (grupo 2A) e 75% (grupo 3A) para o sêmen pré-diluído em água de coco e 60% (grupo 1A), 68% (grupo 2A) e 68% (grupo 3A) para aquele pré-diluído com Merck I (experimento A); e 56% (grupo 1B), 68% (grupo 2B) e 73% (grupo 3B) para o sêmen congelado em água de coco e 60% (grupo 1B), 68% (grupo 2B e 3B) para o sêmen congelado em lactose (experimento B). Não havendo, portanto, diferença estatística entre os dois pré-diluentes e os dois diluentes de refrigeração e de congelação (p&lt;0,05). Concluiu-se, portanto, que 1) os pré-tratamentos com longo período de equilíbrio têm melhor efeito na proteção do acrossoma do espermatozóide suíno e para manter a motilidade espermática e 2) a água de coco como pré-diluente e diluente para refrigeração e de congelação é semelhante ao Merck I (experimento A) e a lactose (experimento B), sendo portanto indicado para pré-diluir e congelar sêmen suíno.