Clinico-physiological effects of Xylazine - Ketamine were evaluated in 12 clinical cases of uremic buffalo calves having urolithiasis. In group A, Xylazine -Ketamine were used at the dose rate of 0.05 mg/kg body weight and 2.5 mg/kg body weight respectively to create regional spinal anesthesia at the lumbosacral space in 6 buffalo calves. In group B, Xylazine and Ketamine at the same dose rates were used intramuscularly in 6 buffalo calves. Analgesia was then recorded at different regions by the pin prick method and scored on a scale and motor incoordination, sedation, complete duration of anesthesia, complete recovery and physiological parameters (heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature) were evaluated in both the groups at various intervals of time throughout the duration of surgery of Tube cystotomy. It was found that the animals of group B achieved a safer physiological peak values than animals of group A.

Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Pasteurella multocida strain P52 were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) using pre-challenge serum from HS vaccinated cattle-calves. IgG antibody titers of pre-challenge sera from HS vaccinated calves surviving and succumbing to direct challenge with virulent culture were determined against formalized P52 cells, P52 crude cell lysate, and OMPs of P52 purified by IAC. It was observed that OMP antigens were involved with protective response in calves and indirect ELISA test using lAC purified antigens can be developed for in vitro potency determination of Haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) vaccines.

The calf was a congenital abnormal stillbirth of Sahiwal breed of zebu cattle, with multiple musculoskeletal defects. It was born to a heifer in its first calving. The calving was normal; however, calf born had multiple anomalies. The body of the calf was flashy just like a rubber balloon filled with water (case of hydropsy). The body was without hairs (hypotrichosis). Skeleton was noncalcified and ribs were cartilaginous. The body was identifiable in three regions: head, thoraxabdomen, and limbs. Morphologically limbs were developed but were quite short in length with well-developed hoof. There was one eye like structure just above the mouth (case of cyclopia). The tongue was developed and was protruded from mouth. There was one additional structure on the head, looked like outgrowth of muscles covered with thin skin, had openings of nostrils on the end. In autopsy abdominal body cavity was found filled with fluid. The visceral organ seemed normal. It was identified as female; however, ovaries and genital tract could not be traced and examined. It was the first calving of its dam with the complete gestation period of 287 days like a normal period in cattle. Pieces of tissue from lung and blood from the heart and vena cava were collected; however, cultures were found heavily contaminated with bacterial growth. The actual cause of the defects could not be established, might be defects of certain genes responsible for incomplete growth and development.

The buffalo calves became ataxic at 6.16±1.07 minute of acepromazine administration. There was good sedation. The animals stood up with ataxia at 131.5±17.80 minute and complete recovery took 211.83±6.94 minutes. Significant hypotension and tachycardia were observed after acepromazine administration. Midazolam caused ataxia at 3.33±0.76 minute and animals went into sternal recumbency at 34.0±15.85 minute. There was good muscle relaxation. Complete recovery took 183.5±10.92 minutes. Significant increase in respiratory rate was observed at the its peak effect. A significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was also seen at 30 minute of midazolam administration. Diazepam produced ataxia within one minute and animals went into sternal recumbency. It produced quick onset of action and delayed recovery. A significant hypotension was observed at 5 minute of diazepam with decreased pulse pressure. No change was observed in electrocardiograph on administration of acepromazine and diazepam but slight increase in the amplitude of primary T-wave was observed after midazolam administration.