Stability study of biological products especially living bacterial vaccines plays an important role for the determination of product changes in maintenance period, and ensures safety, efficacy and maintenance of biological properties of the vaccines. So, the objective of this study was to establish stability and keeping quality of the local Brucella melitensis Rev-1 vaccine using different types of stabilizers in lyophilization process. A long-term stability study was carried out for four batches of reduced-dose Brucella melitensis Rev-1 vaccine manufactured by veterinary serum and vaccine research institute using four different stabilizers. Stabilizers were: (A) sucrose and skimmed milk, (B and C) different concentrations of sucrose, sodium glutamate and gelatin, and (D) casein, sucrose and sodium glutamate. The quality control tests including colony forming unit, purity, dissociation and physicochemical tests on all batches until 12 months postproduction were performed. The obtained results indicated that in spite of collapse (shrinkage) of lyophilized cake in a number of bottles in batches prepared using stabilizer A, Brucella vaccine batches were stable and met the specification recommended by OIE 2012 for 12 months post-production in vaccine batches with stabilizers A and D.

A total of 220 random meat samples of different animal species were collected from 50 carcasses consisting 10 carcasses from each of beef, buffalo, camel, sheep and goat, as well20 frozen beef samples. Each carcass represented by four cut samples from neck, shoulder, abdomen and thigh. All samples were collected from random retail and butchers’ shops ofBeni-Suef governorate to assess their microbiological status and compare the levels of contamination among animal species and carcass cuts. This study showed and compared the means of counts (CFU/g) of total aerobicbacteria (mesophilic count and psychrophilic count), coliforms,fecal coliforms,Escherichia coli,Staphylococcusaureus in each of beef, buffalo, camel, sheep and goat carcasses and imported frozen beef as well. Beside the incidence of E.coli, Salmonellaspp, and coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. The obtained results clarified that the examined beef, buffalo and mutton samples were more contaminated than those of other kinds of meat. The results were discussed from the hygienic point of view and compared with the national and international standards to assess their reliability for consumption.

Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonotic disease causing approximately 6% of total human deaths. Its economic losses are not only a reduction of 10-20% in milk production and weight, but also infertility and condemnation of meat. Many serological tests are applied for detection of tuberculosis. ELISA test has the highest sensitivity and specificity than the other serological tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several forms of new technology were brought into the diagnostic approach to mycobacterial infection. The aim of this work was to detect bovine tuberculosis by application of different serological tests. Tuberculin skin test was applied on 2650 cattle, only 63(2.4%) were positive. Forty eight (76.2%) of the slaughtered positive animals showed visible lesions (VL) while the other 15 (23.8%) had non-visible lesions (NVL). The bacteriological examination of the 63 samples revealed isolation of M. bovis from 47 processed samples (74.6%). The results of the immunoassay test have detected 27 out of the tuberculin positive cattle, while the ELISA has detected 34 out of the positive reactor cattle. It was concluded that immunoassay and ELISA tests act as complementary tests for tuberculin skin test especially in anergic cattle.

Schistosoma mansoni worms inhabit the portal triad affecting blood elements. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare ameliorative effects of Commiphora molmol extract (Mirazid, MZD) and praziquantel (PZQ) on some biochemical parameters in S. mansoni-infected mice. Accordingly, Swiss albino mice (n=72) were used and were divided into 4 equal groups; 18 mice each. Group (1) was uninfected non-treated control. Mice in infected groups administered 100 S. mansoni cercariae/mouse. Group (2) contained infected non-treated mice. Group (3) was infected and treated with MZD at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 5 successive days. Group (4) was infected and treated with PZQ in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 2 successive days. Treatment started 7 weeks post infection (WPT) by the oral route. Blood samples were collected at the 1st, 2nd and 4th weeks post treatment for liver functions (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney functions tests (blood urea and serum creatinine) and cholinergic function (serum cholinesterase level). PZQ ameliorated activities of serum enzymes; alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase more than MZD compared to infected untreated group. PZQ significantly decreased ALT at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST and ALP activity at 2 and 4 WPT whereas, MZD resulted in significant reduction in ALT activity at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT. AST and ALP activities appeared at the 2nd and 4th WPT. PZQ caused progressive significant reduction in elevated levels of urea and creatinine at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT, respectively that produced by MZD. PZQ and MZD induced a significant elevation in the level of AChE. Such effect was early detected MZD, and it was showed at the 2nd and 4th WPT for PZQ. It was concluded that PZQ and MZD were safe drugs with no adverse biochemical effects on S. mansoni-infected treated mice with potential action done by PZQ rather than MZD.

The ability of L. monocytogenesas an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals, to survive and grow under various adverse environmental conditions, makes it a potential health hazard afterthe consumption of contaminated dairy products, it often implicated in several outbreaks of listeriosis. This study was conducted to investigate the survival of L. monocytogenes strain (NCTC13372) when inoculated with a population level of 6.95 log cfu/g and 7.64 logcfu/g and stored at 4ºC for 15 days and 3 months at -18ºC for yoghurt and ice cream respectively. The obtained results indicated that complete inactivation of the tested organism wasn’t achieved till the end of storage periods and the inoculated L. monocytogenes was survived in both yoghurt and ice cream throughout the trial. It is concluded that in the dairy industry, we cannot rely upon either fermentation process and storage at refrigerating temperature or upon storage at freezing temperature during yoghurt and ice cream manufacturing to control L.monocytogenes pathogen in order to provide safe products for consumption.

Duck Hepatitis virus (DHV) causes great economic losses in waterfowl industry worldwide. 3D gene, lies in the P3 segment of the picornavirus genome, is highly conserved and is a non-structural polyprotein gene, its encoding protein contains a conserved domain termed RNA-dependentRNA polymerase which participates in the synthesis of virus RNA during virus replication. The current work describes the surveillance of DHV in 20 commercial duck farms in Egypt with a history of high mortality in 3 to 15 day-old young ducklings from 2014 to 2016. Clinical samples were examined by Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction assays followed by partial sequence analysis of the 3D gene of the positive samples. Histopathological examination of the liver from selected samples was also conducted. The overall positive rate was 50% (n = 10/20). All duck breeds (Pekin, Muscovy and Mallard) used in the study were found to be susceptible to the disease. Histopathological findings of the liver samples showed pronounced lesions including hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis. Also, apoptosis were observed and bile duct hyperplasia, together with varying degrees of inflammatory cell response and haemorrhage. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Egyptian strains cluster in the DHAV serotype 1 with Asian viruses and distant from the vaccine strains used in Egypt.

This study aimed to evaluate intramuscularly administered ketamine, intravenously administered ketamine and intravenously administered propofol in diazepam premedicated goats. Nine native female goats divided into three groups (each of 3 goats) were premedicated with diazepam 1 mg/kg intramuscularly. Goats of group I were treated with ketamine (8 mg/kg) intravenously, while those of group II treated with ketamine (10 mg/kg) intramuscularly, and group III injected with propofol (5 mg/kg) intravenously. The mean anesthetic onset, anesthetic duration, and total recovery period were calculated. The mean heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and biochemical parameters also were recorded. Satisfactory anesthesia and immobilization (smooth induction, and smooth recovery) needed for surgical interventions of short duration were achieved in all groups. The induction was good and smooth in groups I and III. The quality of recovery was good in groups III and I and recovery is longer in group II. In conclusion, this study indicates that the 3 regimens are associated with acceptable anesthetic characteristics; Propofol IV is superior to ketamine because it provides uneventful onset and recovery which are more rapid than ketamine IV or ketamine IM, so reduces anaesthetic risk while administration of ketamine intravenously is superior to its administration intramuscularly

In the last decades, the light had been shed on the importance of male reproduction and how to protect it from disease conditions and inflammation which may cause infertility. Accordingly, the mechanism underlying inflammation-mediated infertility must be well clarified. In the present study, an experimental model of acute inflammation in mature male albino rats was established by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of a single dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Consequently, basic reproductive parameters were estimated after LPS administration. Blood samples were collected and assayed for serum testosterone levels. Semen was also analyzed for live sperm percent. Testes were removed for histopathological evaluation. The findings revealed that testosterone level in LPS-treated rats decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared to control rats at 6 and 12 hrs after injection. Meanwhile, serum testosterone recovered 72 hrs after injection. Moreover, live sperm percent decreased drastically in LPS-treated rats (P<0.001) compared with control rats at 6 and 12 hrs after LPS injection. Adverse effects of LPS on sperm vitality at 72 hrs after LPS injection were also found. Microscopic examination revealed that degenerative changes were observed in LPS-treated rats at 6 and 12 hrs. Most of histopathological findings returned to normal structure in LPS-treated rats at 72 hrs.

The objective was to determine the accuracy of color Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis of early pregnancy in buffaloes based on the evaluation of corpus luteum blood flow (CLBF) on days 20 and 21 after mating. Local Egyptian buffaloes, (n=12) during 3rd and 4th lactational season were kept in the farm of Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI). The animals were divided into two groups, group A (n=6) was mated naturally by a fertile bull during late estrus phase and group B (n=6) was left. Animals underwent grayscale ultrasonography (US) to locate the CL , then color flow Doppler and power Doppler were activated to evaluate CLBF and pulsed wave Doppler to evaluate uterine blood flow on days 1,5,10,12,14,16,18,19,20,21,23,25,27,30 after mating, using a portable, battery operated color Doppler and B-mode ultrasound scanner equipped with a 10-5MHz, rectal transducer (M-turbo, Fujifilm sonosite, USA). Based on subjective (visual) and objective (Doppler parameters) corpus luteum blood flow (CLBF) evaluation. Animals in group A were classified as pregnant or non- pregnant on day 20 and day 21 after mating depending on CLBF. Blinded from results of the previous diagnosis, we performed a final pregnancy diagnosis using US to visualize the fetal heartbeat on day 30 after mating. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein after examination to determine by ELIZA kits, serum estradiol and progesterone concentration. The final pregnancy outcome on day 30 was retrospectively compared with the CLBF on days 20 and 21 diagnoses and then classified as true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the CLBF-d20-21 test were calculated using specific equations. The CLBF decreased markedly on days 20-21 in case of non-mated group (CL regression), while it remained constant or slightly increased in case of pregnant animals. Moreover the uterine blood flow markedly increased in case of non-mated group during the same period.

A description of normal ultrasonographic alternations of the uterus in the postpartum (PP) in buffaloes is essential for the diagnosis of pathological conditions and improves the ability to differentiate puerperal pathology from normal physiological changes. The current study aimed to characterize the changes in uterine features assessed ultrasonographically in normal parturient Egyptian buffaloes (n=20) during the post-calving period (Until Day 60 PP). In the current data, ultrasonographic findings indicated that the uterine involution was completed at 4-6 weeks PP in normal calved Egyptian buffaloes. Moreover, calving during the spring season and female new born calves were associated with an enhanced uterine involution. Early cyclicity positively influences endometrial thickness (during early PP), dorsal and ventral uterine curvature, and uterine lumen diameter (during late PP) as compared with the late cyclic group. In conclusion, the uterine involution is ended by the 6th weeks PP in normal parturient Egyptian buffaloes. Moreover, season and calves gender implicate in the changes associated with uterine involution in buffaloes. It is extremely recommended to employ ultrasound examinations in the dairy herd to improve the reproductive efficiency of females by reducing the days open and increasing the number of milking animals.