This study was conducted to investigate biochemical properties and O group serotypes of pathogenic 203 Escherichia (E.) coli isolates from poultry with collibacillosis in Korea during the period from April 2003 to December 2005. Biochemical and fermentative properties of 203 isolates of E. coli tested were in accordance with Cowan and Steel's classification standard. One hundred and forty one isolates (69.5%) could be classified into a total of 20 O serotypes. Among them, the predominant O groups were O78 (32.5%), O88 (7.8%), O15 (6.8%), O141 (6.4%), and O158 (3.0%) in decreased order. Other infrequently encountered serogroups included: O8 (2%), O161 (2%), O20 (1.5%), O125 (1.5%), O2 (1%). And O6, O18, O24, O46, O76, O109, O119, O138, O139 and O148 had a frequency of 0.5%, respectively. Sixty two isolates (30.5%) were non-typeable with standard 173 O antisera used in this study.

Antimicrobial drugs are widely used in poultry industry as growth promoters or to control infectious diseases. However, this practice is reported to have caused high resistance to antimicrobial drugs in normal chicken flora and pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance to Escherichia coli (E. coli) from chicken has been mainly reported in normal flora, but rare in pathogenic organism in Korea, recently. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate prevalence of antimicrobials resistance, transfer of R plasmid, and association between antimicrobial drug resistance and O serotype of 203 pathogenic E. coli from poultry in Korea during the period from April 2003 to December 2005. These isolate showed a high resistance to tetracycline (Tc, 92.6%), streptomycin (Sm. 81.8%), ampicillin (Ap, 77.3%), ciprofloxacin (Ci, 70.9%), sulfisoxazole (Su, 66.5%), and trimethoprim (Tp, 58.1%). Two hundred-one (99.0%) of the isolates were resistant to one or more drugs. They showed 57 different resistant patterns, and the most prevalent resistant pattern among them was Tc, Sm, Su, Ap, Tp, Ci, Na. Sixty-eight (33.8%) of the isolates transferred all or a part of their antimicrobial resistant pattern to the recipient strain by R plasmid. The most common antinicrobial resistant pattern was Tc, Sm, Su, Ap, Tp, Ci, Na in serotype O78, O88 and O15, respectively. These results exhibit high individual and multiple resistance to antimicrobials of pathogenic E. coli from poultry in Korea. They also suggest the needs for surveillance to monitor antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria that can be potentially transmitted to humans from food animals and to regulate the abuse of antimicrobials in food-producing animals in Korea.

This study was conducted to investigate incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains and characteristics of ESBL gene in pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from poultry during the period from April 2003 to December 2005 in Korea. Among 203 isolates, 4 isolates (3 from broilers and 1 from layer) were confirmed as ESBL producing strains by double disk synergy test, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for β-lactamase genes. bla∧CTX-M-15 and bla∧CMY-2 were detected in these 4 isolates and were transferred to recipient by conjugation, respectively. Also, these ESBL producing strains were associated with multiple drug resistance. In conclusion, these results exhibit incidence of CTX-M and CMY-2 β-lactamase in pathogenic E coli from poultry in Korea, and clinically important meaning in human. And they also suggest the needs for rapid and broad surveillance to monitor ESBL genes and R plasmid transferring resistant gene in poultry.

To establish vaccine strains of H5 and H7 influenza viruses, A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/04 (H5N1) [Vac-1/04 (H5N1)], A/duck/Hokhaido/Vac-3/07 (H5N1) [Vac-3/07 (H5N1)], and A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-2/04 (H7N7) [Vac-2/04 (H7N7)] were generated from non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks. Vac-1/04 (H5N1) and Vac-3/07 (H5N1) were generated by genetic reassortment between H5N2 or H5N3 virus as an HA gene provider and H7N1 or H6N1 virus as an NA gene provider. Vac-2/04 (H7N7) was a genetic reassortant obtained using H7N7 and H9N2 viruses to give high growth character of the H9N2 virus in chicken embryonated eggs. The results of sequence analyses and experimental infections revealed that these H5N1 and H7N7 reassortant viruses were non-pathogenic in chickens and embryos, and had good growth potential in embryonated eggs. These viruses should be useful to develop vaccines against H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.

There was studied the features of intra-bodies vessels of turkey thymus of white breed during postnatal ontogenesis. Results of the anatomic and histologic research which allowed to study law of transformations of intra-bodies vessels of turkey thymus are reflected. It is established, that age reorganisation of intra-bodies vessels of turkey thymus is interfaced to development of the basic structural body components. The microvascular thymus channel at the expense of presence hemato-thymus barrier accepts active participation in separation of blood and blood-groove regulation in parenchyma. The maximum factor of thymus blood supply of turkeys is noted in 70 days. Before puberty there is a growth of intra-bodies vessels at the expense of increase in their diameter and a thickness of a wall (mainly media), and after 220 days the haemodynamic potential of body decreases owing to increase of the involutional processes characterized by reduction of vesseldiameter and a thickening of their wall for the account of adventition. In the tabular form the sizes of intracapsular thymic vessels, the sizes of interlobular thymic vessels are presented. | Цель исследования - изучить особенности интраорганных сосудов тимуса индеек белой широкогрудой породы в постнатальном онтогенезе. Отражены результаты анатомических и гистологических исследований, позволивших изучить закономерности преобразований интраорганных артерий тимуса индеек белой породы в период постнатапьного онтогенеза. Установлено, что возрастная перестройка интраорганных артерий тимуса индеек сопряжена с развитием основных структурных компонентов органа. Микрососудистое русло тимуса за счет присутствия гематотимусного барьера принимает активное участие в сепарации крови и регуляции кровотока в паренхиме. Максимальный коэффициент кровоснабжения тимуса индеек отмечен в 70 суток. До полового созревания происходит рост интраоганных артерий за счет увеличения их диаметра и толщины стенки (преимущественно медии), а после 220 суток гемодинамический потенциал органа снижается вследствие нарастания инволюционных процессов, характеризующихся уменьшением диаметра артерий и утолщением их стенки за счет адвентиции. В табличной форме представлены размеры интракапсулярных артерий тимуса, размеры междольковых артерий тимуса.

There were studied the architectonics features of extra-bodies turkey thymic vessels during postnatal ontogenesis. Results of anatomic research of sources of blood supply turkey thymus during the period of postnatal ontogenesis are reflected. Thus, blood supply of turkey thymus is carried out from pair spinal trunk and its branches. The scheme of topographical architectonics of vessels remains on an extent of postnatal developments. Blood supply of the segments laying in a phrenic cavity, is carried out by the branches departing directly from spinal trunk, and the segments located in the field of a neck, from corresponding ascending to a cervical artery. For the vessels departing from a trunk in the phrenic cavity, and also for large vessels of a neck area, the greatest intensity of growth of diameter in the first month of a life is characteristic. With the years there is an increase in diameter of spinal trunk and an ascending cervical artery on 88,14% and 88,89% accordingly. Diameter of the branches going to the first segment, increases till 70 days (by 86,86%), the second and the third - till 110 days (on 82,00%), to large segments - till 220 days (on the average on 72,50%). Reduction of diameter of arteries, blood supplying of thymus segments, located in the field of a neck, after 110 days (on the average on 45,72%) is revealed. It specifies in decreasing of level of their thymus blood supply owing to increase of age involution processes. | Цель исследования - изучить особенности архитектоники экстраорганных артерий тимуса индеек белой широкогрудой породы в постнатальном онтогенезе. Отражены результаты анатомических исследований источников кровоснабжения тимуса индеек в период постнатального онтогенеза. Таким образом, кровоснабжение тимуса индеек осуществляется от парного соннопозвоночного ствола и его ветвей. Схема топографической архитектоники сосудов сохраняется на протяжении постнатального развития. Кровоснабжение долек, лежащих в грудобрюшной полости, осуществляется ветвями, отходящими непосредственно от соннопозвоночного ствола, а долек, расположенных в области шеи, от соответствующей восходящий шейной артерии. Для сосудов, отходящих от ствола в грудобрюшной полости, а также для крупных сосудов области шеи, характерна наибольшая интенсивность роста диаметра в первый месяц жизни. С возрастом происходит увеличение диаметра соннопозвоночного ствола и восходящей шейной артерии на 88,14% и 88,89% соответственно. Диаметр же ветвей, идущих к первой дольке, увеличивается до 70 суток (на 86,86%), второй и третьей - до 110 суток (на 82,00%), к крупным долькам - до 220 суток (в среднем на 72,50%). Выявлено уменьшение диаметра артерий, кровоснабжающих дольки тимуса, расположенные в области шеи, после 110 суток (в среднем на 45,72%). Это указывает на уменьшение уровня их кровоснабжения тимуса вследствие нарастания процессов возрастной инволюции.