The aim of the present study was morphological and histochemical analysis of the lacrimal gland (LG) in African black ostrich Struthio camelus domesticus in the embryonic and postnatal period. Studies were conducted on 50 ostriches aged between the 28th day of incubation until 7 months old. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Azan trichrome, periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian blue pH 2.5, aldehyde fuchsin and Hale's dialysed iron. The LG in ostrich was classified as a tubulo-acinar type. The primordia of the lobes were determined in the LG structure on the 28th day of incubation, whilst the weakly visible lobes with acini and tubules were observed on the 40th day of incubation. Morphometric studies of the LG showed steady growth, characterised by an increase in both length and width. Histometric measurements of lobe size showed little difference between the first, second and third age groups, whilst in the fourth age group a marked increase in size of lobes was observed. The study showed that, apart from morphological changes, during the growth of the LG the character of acid mucopolysaccharides changed. Sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides were indicated, particularly with aldehyde fuchsin (AF) staining in the fourth age group. The Hale's dialysed iron (HDI) staining showed a low concentration of carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides in the first and second age groups and a higher concentration in the third and fourth age groups. Periodic acid-Schiff staining (PAS)-positive cells were observed in each age group, but only a small number of cells with a weakly PAS-positive reaction were demonstrated in the first age group.

Colibacillosis, a disease caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is one of the main causes of economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. This study was carried out in order to determine the APEC-associated virulence genes contained by E. coli isolates causing colibacillosis in chickens. A total of 45 E. coli isolates were obtained from the diagnostics and research branch of the Central Veterinary Laboratories, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. These isolates were obtained from chickens with confirmed cases of colibacillosis after postmortem examination. The presence of the iutA, hlyF, ompT, frz, sitD, fimH, kpsM, sitA, sopB, uvrY, pstB and vat genes were investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Of the 45 isolates, 93% were positive for the presence of at least one virulence gene. The three most prevalent virulence genes were iutA (80%), fimH (33.3%) and hlyF (24.4%). The kpsM, pstB and ompT genes had the lowest prevalence, having been detected in only 2.2% of the isolates. All 12 virulence genes studied were detected in the 45 APEC isolates. Virulence gene profiles were constructed for each APEC isolate from the multiplex data. The APEC isolates were profiled as 62.2% fitting profile A, 31.1% profile B and 6.7% profile C. None of the isolates had more than seven virulence genes. Virulence profiles of Zimbabwean APEC isolates are different from those previously reported. Zimbabwean APEC isolates appear to be less pathogenic and may rely on environmental factors and stress in hosts to establish infection.

Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hyperplasia (GpSGH) syndrome caused by the salivary gland hyperplasia virus reduces the reproduction potential of tsetse flies, posing a serious threat for rearing of sufficient colonies for use of tsetse and trypanosome control using the sterile insect technique. This research was conducted in the Kaliti Tsetse Mass Rearing and Irradiation Centre in Ethiopia with the objective of studying the prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies of G. pallidipes (Tororo and Arbaminch) reared for release in the implementation of the sterile insect technique and a field strain of G. pallidipes Arbaminch. Presence or absence of GpSGH was determined when pathological features of the salivary gland were revealed after dissection. The overall prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies was 48.3% (747/1548) with a statistically significant (z = 17.30, p = 0.001) prevalence of 70.2% (544/775) in Arbaminch colonies and 26.26% (203/773) in Tororo colonies. The prevalence of GpSGH in laboratory flies fed according to the clean blood feeding protocol was 68.9% and 22.4% in Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. It was 70.5% and 27.2% respectively in laboratory colonies of Arbaminch and Tororo strains fed according to the standard membrane feeding protocol. The difference in prevalence of the disease between the two feeding protocols was not statistically significant in either Arbaminch (z = 0.361, p = 0.359) or Tororo (z = 1.22, p = 0.111) strains. The prevalence of SGH in wild G. pallidipes Arbaminch strain was 3% (15/500) and was significantly (z = 23.61, p < 0.001) lower than in the laboratory strain. The effect of age and density-related stress on the development of GpSGH was not statistically significant. The prevalence of GpSGH in the newly emerging (teneral) flies in the laboratory colonies was 66.7% and 20% in the Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. For all considered risk factors, the prevalence was much higher in G. pallidipes Arbaminch laboratory colonies.

Coxiella burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii are intracellular parasites that cause important reproductive disorders in animals and humans worldwide, resulting in high economic losses. The aim of the present study was to analyse the possible role of peridomestic small mammals in the maintenance and transmission of C. burnetii and T. gondii in the north-western African archipelagos of the Canary Islands and Cape Verde, where these species are commonly found affecting humans and farm animals. Between 2009 and 2013, 108 black rats (Rattus rattus) and 77 mice (Mus musculus) were analysed for the presence of Coxiella and Toxoplasma antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), respectively. Our results showed a wide distribution of C. burnetii and T. gondii, except for T. gondii in Cape Verde, in both rodent species. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies was 12.4%; 21.1% for Cape Verde and 10.2% for the Canary Islands. With respect to T. gondii, seropositive rodents were only observed in the Canary Islands, with an overall seroprevalence of 15%. Considering the fact that both pathogens can infect a large range of hosts, including livestock and humans, the results are of public health and veterinary importance and could be used by governmental entities to manage risk factors and to prevent future cases of Q fever and toxoplasmosis.

The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in a sample of 292 merino sheep farmed in a semi-intensive manner in the Overberg region of the Western Cape, South Africa, was investigated. Antibody seroprevalence was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the total sample, 23 sheep tested positive for T. gondii antibodies (8%; 95% CI: 4.7688-10.9846). There was no statistically significant relationship between seroprevalence and age of the sheep. The highest seroprevalence was found in sheep between 28 and 40 months old; a total of 19 sheep were seropositive by 40 months. No seropositive sheep were found in the age group between 16 and 28 months. The seroprevalence reported in this study is higher than what has previously been reported for the Western Cape (6%) and across South Africa on average (4.7%). As sheep farming is economically significant in South Africa, the presence of T. gondii amongst sheep may pose a production threat to the small-stock industry as well as to public health and food security. We therefore recommend further surveillance to identify high-risk animal populations so that local control measures can be put in place.

The present study to evaluate the third degree burn involved all skin layers (full-thickness burns), and that by using ziziphus leaf extract and nigella seed extract as an ointment. Healthy twelve mature rabbits either sex, weighing 2-2.5 kg, bred locally were used. Divided in to two groups (ziziphus group and nigella group) six rabbits of rabbits each one burned experimentally by using fire source directly on skin surface and then treated with local application of ointment (ziziphus leaf ointment and nigella sativa seed ointment) each one on it is group with daily dressing by using medical gauze. This study appeared the benefit effect of ziziphus ointment and nigella ointment in burn healing in histopathological changes, but the group treated with ziziphus leaf extract (ointment) was better than the other group in cellular response to inflammatory process that occur during healing by early apparition of re-epithelialization

The trachea of the local sheep is a tubular structure that begins at the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and ends when it bifurcates to form the principle bronchi, composed of series of incomplete rings that were incomplete dorsally present between of them longitudinal folds. The study include twelve specimens divided into four groups grossly, histological study, cast and radiography. The anatomical study include the mean total tracheal length from the first ring to the bifurcation about (25.9 cm) , mean number of cartilaginous rings (48.6), mean number of folds (45), measured the length of trachea from the cricoids cartilage to the trachealis bronchus which enter to the cranial lobe of lung which branches from the trachea in last third before divided into two bronchi right and left each of one enter the lung for respiration also measure diameters of each tracheal ring which deference according the position of rings, which decrease of diameters when direction caudally to the root of lung the rings have different shape in the three parts of the trachea cervical, middle and thoracic the histological study showed the trachea lining pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, the wall of trachea consist of mucosa, submuosa, hyaline cartilage and adventitia and have large amount of tracheal gland,the trachealis muscle composed of elastic fibers interupted with smooth fibers. The cast of trachea showed the bronchial tree and radiography explain the trachea , bronchi and bronchioles.

The study was designed to assess the protective role of Quercetin against Oanisidine toxicity. 24 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used and divided into 3 equal groups of 8 male rats each. The first group was the control group in which the animals were fed on a standard ration for 15 days, then they were terminated. The second group was fed on a ration contains 1000mg/kg O-anisidine hydrochloride for 15.The third group was fed on a ration contains 1000mg/kg O-anisidine hydrochloride + 80mg/kg Quercetin dihydrate for 15. The results revealed that the treatment with Oanisidine hydrochloride for 15 days (1rst treated group) caused significant decrease in the R.B.C. count, Hb concentration, P.C.V. percentage, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and it caused significant increase in platelets count, total leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and basophil counts, as compared with control group. When Quercetin dihydrate was offered as a protective agent in the ration of the 2nd treated group, it showed a significant ameliorating effect by increasing the R.B.C. count, Hb concentration, P.C.V. percentage, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and it caused significant decrease in platelets count, total leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and basophil counts, as compared with the 1rst treated group. For the blood indices (RDW, MCH, MCHC, MCV, and MPV) there were no significant differences among all the experiment groups except for the mean platelet volume (MPV), where Oanisidine hydrochloride caused significant decrease in the MPV of the 1rst treated group as compared with control and 2nd treated group at (P≤0.05).

Sixteen utri of Awasi sheep at different stages of pregnancy were used in this study .The intercaruncular surface epithelium was pseudostratified at the early stage of pregnancy and then changed gradually to simple columnar after day 50 0f pregnancy. At day 118 it become low columnar or simple cuboidal and decreased in height . The glandular epithelium was mainly simple columnar and showed high secretory activity during the studied of pregnancy stages. The glandular diameter and their lumen was increased with the advancement of pregnancy . The gland showed saculation at late stages of pregnancy .

Twenty adult common quail male obtained from Soq-Al-Shiyookh local market .They were kept under light and feeding conditions adopted by it. The anatomical study was appeared that the reproductive system in common quail consist of paired testes ,efferent ducts, epididymis, vasdeference and recetaculum .The testes are lying within the abdominal cavity and are joined to the dorsal body wall by short connective tissue . They are paired oval-shaped structure .The average of the left testicular size is ( 2 ± 0.04 cm3) and the average of the right testicular size is (1.85 ± 0.01 cm3).The average of the left testicular weight is (1.9 ± 0.01 gm. ) and the average of the right testicular weight is (1.7 ± 0.01 gm.). The testes of quail are long axis is oblique and directed dorso caudally .The epididymis is relatively large and is firmly attached to the dorso lateral surface of the testes. The histological study was showed that the spermatogonia are identified adjacent to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules either singly or in cluster but they do not form a complete basal layer. The primary spermatocyte are the largest cells of the spermotogenic population . Their nuclei are notable for both their size and appearance ,being big and vesicular is due to the presence of condensed chromatin. The secondary spermatocyte enter the second meiotic division ,the subsequent cells formed from this division are spermatids. Spermatocytogenesis ends when spermatids appears .The spermatids undergo a complex process of differentiation leading to the transformation of these spermatids into sperm . Based on changes in the acrosomes and nuclei during the development of spermatid will give rise mature spermatozoa