The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and the ulcerogenic activity of 5-(3-chloro-1-benzothien -2-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol. The anti-inflammatory effect of the compound was determined by comparing it with a standard drug (naproxen). The anti-inflammatory effects were studied by using carrageenan-induced paw edema method and Cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats and the ulcerogenic liability was assessed and compared with a standard drug. The results showed that the compound had an obvious anti-inflammatory effect and the activity is comparable to that of the standard drug with less ulcerogenic effects.

During this study examination of 205 blood samples collected from four species of birds , chickens(50), ducks(75), turkeys(30), and pigeon(50) in different regions of Mosul city for the detection of Aegyptianella spp. The total percentage of infection was 28.29% and infection was (33.33%), (30%), (26.66%), and (20%) in ducks ,pigeons, turkeys and chickens respectively . An Anaplasma –like organism form ,rounded and piriform shaped with varying sizes 0.83-4.15μ . Parasitemia in chickens, pigeons, turkeys, and ducks respectively were1.7%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.8%.

The histological structure and statistical of the salt glands were investigated in some domesticated and wild marine birds. Both species have a well-developed bilateral salt glands lie under the skin in the supraorbital depression of the frontal bone. The salt glands consist of many concentric polygonal lobes arranged in rows and separated by richly vascularized interlobular connective tissue. Each lobe is made up of branched secretory tubules lining with single layer of radialy arranged cuboidal cells from a central canal and meshed with connective tissue enriched of blood capillaries. The duct system of each lobe opens into the central canal that drain in a main duct leads to the anterior of the nasal cavity. The measurements of the epithelium heights in the domestic pekin duck were significantly lower than the other birds subjected in the present study

Since the invention of laser in 1960, lasers have been developed and approved in many fields. Lasers can now be regarded as practical tools with unique properties that have been utilized effectively in several applications in fields of medical and biological sciences. six bacterial isolates were isolated from human samples of diabetic foot infections, which used for preparation of vaccines. The experiment was conducted on fifteen adult male rabbits, they were divided into three groups with 5 rabbits each. After irradiation of the bacterial suspensions with the diode laser for different exposure times and different frequencies, and the wavelengths used were (660, 820, 915 ) nm, the growth of bacterial isolates decreased until killed of bacteria at ( 40) min. The aim of the current study was to preparation of vaccines (live attenuated and killed) by irradiation of the bacteria by the low level diode laser. Wavelength (660) nm was more effective in killing the bacteria, and the variations were not significant between the live attenuated and the killed vaccine

Proteins are very important molecules as therapeutics. They have several advantages over small molecule drugs but their use is limited by their circulation short half life, immunogenicity and physicochemical instability. Several approaches have been developed to improve the pharmacokinetics of proteins. One that is clinically proven is the covalent conjugation of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) to the protein. This is known as PEGylation. Problems associated with PEGylation include product heterogenicity and low conjugation efficiency. A new approach is applied in this study which is site-specific PEGylation and it is called disulfide bridging PEGylation. The main principle is to reduce a native disulfide bond in the protein molecule followed by PEGylation using a bis-alkylation PEG reagent that can insert a three carbon bridge that connects to the two sulphur that had formed the disulfide. In this study controlled reduction and disulfide bridging PEGylation of transferrin (which has 19 disulfides some that are close to the surface and are accessible) was conducted. For transferrin (Tf) partial reduction was achieved using (0.5 mM) DTT which is considered to be mild reducing conditions. No denaturant was required for the partial reduction of transferrin. Mono-PEGylation was achieved with a small amount of di-PEGylation being observed. Holo-Tf (which is Tf bound to iron) and apo-Tf (which is Tf iron free) were compared to see if bounded iron had any effect on protein conformation that could influence disulfide reduction or PEGylation. Both forms of Tf give the same results by Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) indicating that iron had no effect. Using higher equivalents of the PEG reagent was unnecessary; we obtained good mono-PEGylation 198 by adding 2 equivalents of PEG to the protein. The results approved by Size exclusion chromatography –High performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) analysis. These results demonstrate the possibility of controlled reduction of multiple disulfide proteins under mild conditions which may improve the stability, prolong the half life and improve pharmacokinetics of Tf to present it as medicine

Esophagus of geese was tubular organ situated at right side of the body. it was divided into, cervical and thoracic part, the cervical part longer than thoracic part. The length of cervical part ,crop, thoracic part were recorded and the mean and S.D. was founded: 16. 4,1 .35cm;7.3,1.06cm;3.83,0.57cm respectively. The crop was merely enlargement fusiform in shape which located at the entrance of the thorax. The esophagus parts showed that composed of four layer, the mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular and serosa. The mucosal layer was thickened in the thoracic part than the crop and constituted by thick nonkertenized stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria and mucous glandsThe mucous glands and nodular lymphatic tissues in was rich in thoracic part. The sub mucous layer was no evidence and composed of loose connective tissues, the muscular layer constituted by circular inner and longitudinal extra.Serosa layer composed of connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibrous.

Fifteen rabbits were used in present study, all rabbits were infected with septic arthritis experimentally by injection Staphylococcus aurous (108 diluted) in knee joint. Animals were divided into three groups, 1st group which was treated with static magnatic field 350 gaus/daily; 2nd group was treated with penicillin- streptomycin (antibiotics) and dexamethazone (anti inflammatory drug) daily and 3rd group was control group which leaved without treatment. After seven days, 1st and 2nd groups were not different in radiographic image and there were no degenerative change in the articular surface of the joints, but in control group we found degenerative change in the aticular surface. In total white blood cell count of the synovial fluid, there were no significant change in 1st and 2nd group because of normal synovial fluid were founded in 1st and 2nd groups but in control the synovial fluid is turbid and containing high number of white blood cells. In conclusion both treatments (the magnetic field therapy and antibiotics and anti inflammatory treatment) were efficient and statically significant, so we can use the magnetic therapy as replacement to treat septic arthritis