Objective: Molecular based study was conducted to determine the associated serotypes in the reemergence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in Assiut governorate, Egypt during 2014 and 2015.Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty cattle with clinical signs suggesting their infection by FMDV were examined clinically and twenty three of them were used for confirmation by laboratory diagnosis. Different clinical samples including vesicular fluid and tongue epitheliums were collected and after RNA extraction using commercial kit, RT-PCR was done using different primer sets.Results: Serotype O was detected in 8 samples, 2 of them were also positive for SAT2 serotype. The determination of specific serotype was failed in case of the rest 13 samples although they were positive when tested by the universal primer specific for FMDV. Conclusion:   Serotypes O and SAT2 were the more prevalent serotypes in the current outbreak in Assiut governorate, Egypt.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d186

Objective: Molecular based study was conducted to determine the associated serotypes in the reemergence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in Assiut governorate, Egypt during 2014 and 2015. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty cattle with clinical signs suggesting their infection by FMDV were examined clinically and twenty three of them were used for confirmation by laboratory diagnosis. Different clinical samples including vesicular fluid and tongue epitheliums were collected and after RNA extraction using commercial kit, RT-PCR was done using different primer sets. Results: Serotype O was detected in 8 samples, 2 of them were also positive for SAT2 serotype. The determination of specific serotype was failed in case of the rest 13 samples although they were positive when tested by the universal primer specific for FMDV. Conclusion: Serotypes O and SAT2 were the more prevalent serotypes in the current outbreak in Assiut governorate, Egypt. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 32-38]

Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate economic loss from liver condemnation due to Fasciolosis in slaughtered ruminants in Maiduguri abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria.Materials and methods: Three hundred (300) livers each of cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered were randomly selected and examined for the presence of Fasciola flukes. The infected livers were weighed and economic value in Nigerian Naira (?) and US Dollar (US$) were assessed.Results: An overall economic loss of ?602,400.00 (1,882.50 US$) per annum was incurred during the period under study from a total of 753 kg of liver condemned. Total of 428 kg and 325 kg of liver were condemned during dry and rainy seasons respectively, resulting in higher economic loss of (?342,400.00; 1,070 US$) in dry season and (?260,000.00; 812.50 US$) during rainy season. More liver were condemned in the adult cattle (372 kg) than in adult sheep (117 kg) and goats (108 kg) during the period of this study.Conclusion: Ruminant fasciolosis is endemic in Maiduguri, and high economic loss for the farmers and butchers are reported in this study. Strengthening and developing better control methods of fasciolosis in ruminants in Borno State is suggested.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d192

Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate economic loss from liver condemnation due to Fasciolosis in slaughtered ruminants in Maiduguri abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Three hundred (300) livers each of cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered were randomly selected and examined for the presence of Fasciola flukes. The infected livers were weighed and economic value in Nigerian Naira (₦) and US Dollar (US$) were assessed. Results: An overall economic loss of ₦602,400.00 (1,882.50 US$) per annum was incurred during the period under study from a total of 753 kg of liver condemned. Total of 428 kg and 325 kg of liver were condemned during dry and rainy seasons respectively, resulting in higher economic loss of (₦342,400.00; 1,070 US$) in dry season and (₦260,000.00; 812.50 US$) during rainy season. More liver were condemned in the adult cattle (372 kg) than in adult sheep (117 kg) and goats (108 kg) during the period of this study. Conclusion: Ruminant fasciolosis is endemic in Maiduguri, and high economic loss for the farmers and butchers are reported in this study. Strengthening and developing better control methods of fasciolosis in ruminants in Borno State is suggested. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 65-70]

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the origin, course and distribution of the arteries supplying the stomach of the goat which is of extreme clinical importance for surgeon during caprine rumenotomy. Materials and methods: Fifteen adult goats were used in this study to demonstrate the arterial supply of the stomach by injection of the thoracic aorta with red gum milk latex after general anesthesia and slaughtering of the animals. Gross dissection of the arteries of the stomach was done to detect the origin, course and distribution of these arteries. Results: The study revealed that the rumen was richly supplied by the right and left ruminal arteries as well as ruminal branches from the reticular artery. The reticulum was supplied with reticular branches of reticular and accessory reticular arteries. The omasum was vascularized by omasal branches of the left gastric artery. While the abomasum received its entire arterial supply from abomasal branches of the left gastric, left gastroepiploic, right gastric and right gastroepiploic arteries.Conclusion: The stomach of the goat receives its arterial supply from the branches of the right ruminal, left ruminal, reticular, left gastric and hepatic arteries. Rumenotomy could be done in the left aspect of the dorsal ruminal sac, between the area of anastomoses of the terminal branches of the left and right ruminal arteries as the blood supply was minimal, so that bleeding will be low.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d194

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the origin, course and distribution of the arteries supplying the stomach of the goat which is of extreme clinical importance for surgeon during caprine rumenotomy. Materials and methods: Fifteen adult goats were used in this study to demonstrate the arterial supply of the stomach by injection of the thoracic aorta with red gum milk latex after general anesthesia and slaughtering of the animals. Gross dissection of the arteries of the stomach was done to detect the origin, course and distribution of these arteries. Results: The study revealed that the rumen was richly supplied by the right and left ruminal arteries as well as ruminal branches from the reticular artery. The reticulum was supplied with reticular branches of reticular and accessory reticular arteries. The omasum was vascularized by omasal branches of the left gastric artery. While the abomasum received its entire arterial supply from abomasal branches of the left gastric, left gastroepiploic, right gastric and right gastroepiploic arteries. Conclusion: The stomach of the goat receives its arterial supply from the branches of the right ruminal, left ruminal, reticular, left gastric and hepatic arteries. Rumenotomy could be done in the left aspect of the dorsal ruminal sac, between the area of anastomoses of the terminal branches of the left and right ruminal arteries as the blood supply was minimal, so that bleeding will be low. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 80-87]

Objective: This study was conceived to investigate the pathogenicity of relapsed (Diminazene aceturate-resistant), field (original) and mixed (relapsed and field) isolates of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in rats.Materials and methods: Twenty eight healthy adult albino rats of both sexes weighing between 149-177 gm were used to compare the pathogenicity of relapsed, field and the mixed isolates of T. brucei brucei infections. The rats were separated into four groups (A-D); where, group A was kept as uninfected control, and group B was infected with 1x103 trypanosomes of the field isolate and 1x103 trypanosomes of the diminazene aceturate resistant isolate. The rats of groups C and D were infected with 1x106 trypanosomes of the diminazene aceturate-resistant isolate and 1x106 trypanosomes of the field isolate, respectively.Results: The infected rats became parasitemic within 4 to 8 days post-infection. The mean pre-patent periods (PP) were 4.1±1.1, 6.0±2.0 and 9.1±1.1 days in groups B, C and D respectively, while the mean survival time (ST) in groups B, C and D were 21.4±10.1, 27.1±13.2 and 34.0 ±12.8 days, respectively. The PP and ST were shortest (P<0.05) in group B (mixed infections), and level of parasitemia was higher (P<0.05) in group B (mixed infections) as compared to groups C and D. The level of anemia was comparable (P>0.05) in groups C and D and more severe (P<0.05) in group B.Conclusion: Mixed infections exhibit shortest PP, ST, higher level of parasitemia and more severe anemia, and appear to be more pathogenic.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d197

Objective: This study was conceived to investigate the pathogenicity of relapsed (Diminazene aceturate-resistant), field (original) and mixed (relapsed and field) isolates of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in rats. Materials and methods: Twenty eight healthy adult albino rats of both sexes weighing between 149-177 gm were used to compare the pathogenicity of relapsed, field and the mixed isolates of T. brucei brucei infections. The rats were separated into four groups (A-D); where, group A was kept as uninfected control, and group B was infected with 1x103 trypanosomes of the field isolate and 1x103 trypanosomes of the diminazene aceturate resistant isolate. The rats of groups C and D were infected with 1x106 trypanosomes of the diminazene aceturate-resistant isolate and 1x106 trypanosomes of the field isolate, respectively. Results: The infected rats became parasitemic within 4 to 8 days post-infection. The mean pre-patent periods (PP) were 4.1&plusmn;1.1, 6.0&plusmn;2.0 and 9.1&plusmn;1.1 days in groups B, C and D respectively, while the mean survival time (ST) in groups B, C and D were 21.4&plusmn;10.1, 27.1&plusmn;13.2 and 34.0 &plusmn;12.8 days, respectively. The PP and ST were shortest (P<0.05) in group B (mixed infections), and level of parasitemia was higher (P<0.05) in group B (mixed infections) as compared to groups C and D. The level of anemia was comparable (P>0.05) in groups C and D and more severe (P<0.05) in group B. Conclusion: Mixed infections exhibit shortest PP, ST, higher level of parasitemia and more severe anemia, and appear to be more pathogenic. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 97-103]