Milk is the one of the most important protein diet to the human population. However, in last few decades, presence of A1 b casein in milk was associated with important issues associated with range of illnesses in human being. In this study a total of 85 cattle blood samples (Kangeyam and HF crossbred) were analysed for A1 b  casein gene based on AS-PCR. A1/A2 genotype frequency data indicated that 37% were A2 homozygous (A2A2), 17% were A1 homozygous (A1A1) and 46% heterozygous (A1A2) in HF cross bred cattle. The pure Kangeyam (Bos indicus) cattle breed had only A2 gene and showed only A2A2 genotype, which produce safer A2 milk for the human consumption. The Holstein Friesian cross breed animal also showed mostly of A2 gene (0.595). 

An experiment was conducted on 18 un-castrated crossbred (Beetal x Assam local) kids of 3-4 months of age to study the effect of shed roof colour and bedding materials on growth performance during winter season. Three groups of six kids in each were housed in three sheds: T1 (shed roof painted with black colour on top and white colour inside and paddy straw bedding material mixed with hydrated lime, T2 (shed roof painted with black colour on top only and paddy straw without any treatment and T3 (shed roof without any colour and bedding material). The shed T1 and T2 were covered with hessian clothes except the ventilators. The roof shed painted with black colour on top and white colour inside along with hydrated lime mixed bedding material (T1) might have provided better and comfortable micro environment both in terms of optimum temperature and hygienic condition that resulted in significantly (P<0.010) higher body weight in kids (9.59 ± 0.20 kg) than T2 (9.15 ± 0.17 kg) and T3 (8.96 ± 0.0.33kg) respectively. 

Laminitis is inflammation of sensitive laminae of the foot in horses and donkey. The front hooves are most commonly affected than hind feet. Laminitis can be mechanical or systematic, acute or chronic, unilateral or bilateral or sometimes all four feet were affectedDonkeys appear to be particularly susceptible to laminitis may be due to live in the desert and dry area so their ‘good bacteria’ are even more sensitive to carbohydrate overload than those of ponies and horses there certainly is no lush grass in the desert and dry area. A two year old male donkey walking very tenderly and repeated raising of left hind leg. The affected hind leg foot was cleaned with 1% Kmno4 solution for avoiding secondary bacterial infection Inj. Meloxicam 35mg I/M, in, inj. Strepto penicillin 500mg I/M were given. The affected left hind leg was exposed to infra red light for 5 minutes and hot fomentation was given with hot salt and hot rice bran mixture. Iodine ointment was applied over the swollen coronary band area of left foot.

In animal breeding, genetic disorders are one of the most important issues for breeders. The present study was carried out to genotype HF crossbred cattle for FXI deficiency and CVM using PCR and PCR-RFLP using 50 blood samples. Amplicons of 244 bp for FXI gene and the 287 bp for SLC35A3 gene were successfully amplified. Analysis of amplicons of FXI gene revealed single 244 bp fragment which indicates absence of mutant allele. The amplicons of 287 bp of SLC35A3 gene was digested with Pst I RE which revealed two fragments of size 264 bp and 23 bp  for normal animals. In the present study, out of fifty HF crossbred animals screened neither carrier nor affected animals were found for FXID and CVM.

Microbial quality of air in a dairy processing plant was evaluated to ascertain the contribution of air as a source of contamination and spoilage of milk and milk products. The mean total aerobic counts obtained in the air by sedimentation method were 32.66 ± 3.82, 25.32 ± 4.17 and 33.36 ± 3.53 cfu/m 2 in raw milk reception dock, pasteurization room and product preparation room respectively. The respective mean total coliform counts were 1.52 ± 0.14, 0.66 ± 0.08 and 0.99 ± 0.16 cfu/ m2. Total coliform count observed in the raw milk reception dock was significantly higher (P< 0.01) than the other areas.  The mean Staphylococcal counts were 2.52 ± 0.10, 3.84 ± 0.31and 5.82 ± 0.30 cfu/ m2. The product preparation room showed highest mean Staphylococcal counts followed by pasteurization room and raw milk reception dock.  The mean yeast and mould counts obtained were 5.42 ± 0.39, 3.84 ± 0.31and 5.82 ± 0.30 cfu/ m2  in raw milk reception dock, pasteurization room and product preparation room respectively. Effect of fumigation on the microbial quality of air in the dairy processing area was also studied by comparing the microbial load in the air before and after fumigation. Fumigation practice followed in the dairy processing area was highly effective against total aerobic organisms, coliforms, and Staphylococci but not very effective in the case of yeast and moulds.

Odontotermes formosanus termites are recognized as one of the major ecosystem engineers in tropical soils. This termite depends on intestinal microorganisms for cellulose digestion. Nine bacterial isolates from termite gut were identified using sugar fermentation and biochemical tests and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The aerobes isolated from the termite gut were Bacillus sp., Citrobacter freundii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The facultative anaerobes isolated were Salmonella entrica, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Staphylococcus gallinarum and Serratia marcescens. DNA from these bacterial cultures was extracted for molecular identification by 16S rRNA gene amplification. The cellulolytic activities of these bacteria were assessed by congo red assay. This study revealed the presence of cellulolytic aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in the gut of termite Odontotermes formosanus which could be manipulated for their cellulose digestion in rumen. 

The gross studies on the hippocampus were made on 10 specimens each of calves and adults of the Indian buffalo. The hippocampus was a curved elevation, lying immediately ventral to the splenium of the corpus callosum, dorsal to the lateral aspect of the thalamus. It occupied the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. The ventricular surface of the hippocampus was covered by a thin layer of white matter, the alveus. Rostrolaterally the alveus joined a thick fibrous band, the hippocampal fimbria which connected the alveus to the fornix. On the ventromedial aspect, a deep groove, the hippocampal sulcus, separated this surface into lateral and medial portions. 

The present study was conducted to study the vitreous humor between eye differences and baseline values of potassium, sodium, calcium and glucose immediately after death in dogs. Eight canine carcasses brought for necropsy formed the material for collection of vitreous humour in the present study. The information regarding time of death was gathered from dog owners, clinicians and clinical records. Eyes were enucleated as soon as possible after receiving carcass for postmortem. Sampling of vitreous humor was done using 16 gauge needle and 20 ml syringe. The needle was inserted at the lateral angle of eyeball so that the tip of needle was placed at the center of the eyeball. About 50 µL vitreous humour was gently aspirated from each eye and transferred to eppendorf tubes. Sampling of vitreous humour was done within 1-4 hours after death. The aspirated vitreous humour samples were centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 15 min at 50C temperature and the supernatant was used for analysis. The average vitreous humour concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium and glucose estimated within 1-4 hours after death were 8.18±0.31 mEq/L, 152.55±4.46 mEq/L, 9.52  ±0.20 mg/dL and 21.70±4.50 mg/dL respectively. The results of this study indicated that there were no significant differences between left and right eye  for all of the vitreous biochemical constituents that were studied in present study (estimated within 1-4 hours after death).

A study was conducted to analyse the migratory sheep production system in southern agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu. Reproductive performance of the rams and ewes was recorded through the questionnaire both in migratory and non-migratory flocks. Mean lambing percentage, twinning percentage, livability at birth percentage, age at first mating (months) in ewes, age at first mating (months) in rams, age at first lambing (months) and weaning percentage in migratory and non-migratory flocks were 93.56 and 91.50; 1.87 and 1.52; 98.32 and 98.73; 12.34 and 13.22; 19.64 and 21.44; 18.54 and 19.68; 85.98 and 87.15, respectively. The weaning period for ram and ewe lambs were 2.94+0.96 and 5.03+0.13 in migratory flocks and 4.82+0.13 and 6.06+0.17 in non-migratory flocks, respectively. Reproductive performance of sheep in migratory flocks was significantly better than nonmigratory flocks. The months of October,  November and December were main lambing season and the months of April and May were second lambing season.

Investigation was carried out in response to a report of mortality among Jersey crossbred dairy cattle at Therkumedu village, Tirunelveli district which were purchased from Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Clinical examination was carried out in 38 animals. Most of the animals showed signs of general weakness, dullness, anaemia, icteric mucus membrane, lymphadenopathy, acariasis, bruxism, debility and passing semisolid faeces  coated with mucus. Blood smear examination revealed the presence of T. annulata piroplasm and A. marginale inclusions. All the affected animals were treated with Buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg/kg and Oxytetracycline @ 20 mg/kg for 7 days supported with parenteral haematinics (Tribivet) and liver extract. Control of ectoparasites was effected with cypermethrin @ 0.2 per cent as external application and 0.4 per cent spray in animal sheds. All the treated  animals recovered slowly and became normal.