Objective: Camel mastitis is indeed a serious problem that can have significant impacts on animal health and production as well as pose a potential public health hazard. This work aimed to identify the bacterial species responsible for camel mastitis and evaluate the associated immunological and clinicopathological alterations in infected camels. Materials and Methods: Raw milk and blood samples were collected from 40 apparently healthy she-camels, and 40 she-camels suffered from clinical mastitis (CMG). Milk samples were subjected to bacteriological examination. Serum immunological, biochemical, and hematological parameters were estimated and statistically analyzed. Results: Similar bacterial species were obtained from the two groups with different isolation rates. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli were the dominant species in the apparently healthy group, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus were the dominant species in CMG. A significant (p < 0.05) elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins (APPs), free radicals, total protein, Glob, kidney and liver function tests, and triglyceride concentrations were detected in CMG, and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokine, antioxidants, Alb, glucose, and T/LDL/HDL-cholesterol concentrations was observed in CMG. Microcytic hypochromic anemia with hypoferremia, hypotransferrinemia, hyperferritinemia, and neutrophilic leukocytosis was depicted in CMG. The estimated pro-inflammatory cytokines, APPs, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) yielded high sensitivity and specificity, but the highest likelihood ratio wasfor TAC, fibrinogen (Fb), and ferritin, and the highest percentages of increase were for IL-1α and IL-1β. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of hygienic preventive measures to control camel mastitis and the importance of supportive treatment to reverse the hemato-biochemical and iron profile changes that result from the immune response in mastitic she-camels. TAC, Fb, ferritin, IL-1α, and IL-1β are good biomarkers for camel mastitis. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(2): 284–291, July 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j680

Objective: Camel mastitis is indeed a serious problem that can have significant impacts on animal health and production as well as pose a potential public health hazard. This work aimed to identify the bacterial species responsible for camel mastitis and evaluate the associated immunological and clinicopathological alterations in infected camels. Materials and Methods: Raw milk and blood samples were collected from 40 apparently healthy she-camels, and 40 she-camels suffered from clinical mastitis (CMG). Milk samples were sub¬jected to bacteriological examination. Serum immunological, biochemical, and hematological parameters were estimated and statistically analyzed. Results: Similar bacterial species were obtained from the two groups with different isolation rates. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli were the dominant species in the apparently healthy group, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus were the dominant species in CMG. A significant (p < 0.05) elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins (APPs), free radicals, total protein, Glob, kidney and liver function tests, and triglyceride concentrations were detected in CMG, and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokine, antiox¬idants, Alb, glucose, and T/LDL/HDL-cholesterol concentrations was observed in CMG. Microcytic hypochromic anemia with hypoferremia, hypotransferrinemia, hyperferritinemia, and neutrophilic leukocytosis was depicted in CMG. The estimated pro-inflammatory cytokines, APPs, and total anti¬oxidant capacity (TAC) yielded high sensitivity and specificity, but the highest likelihood ratio was for TAC, fibrinogen (Fb), and ferritin, and the highest percentages of increase were for IL-1α and IL-1β. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of hygienic preventive measures to control camel mastitis and the importance of supportive treatment to reverse the hemato-biochemical and iron profile changes that result from the immune response in mastitic she-camels. TAC, Fb, ferritin, IL-1α, and IL-1β are good biomarkers for camel mastitis. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 284-291]

Objective: This research investigated secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) flax extract effects on apoptosis, hedgehog (Hh), autophagy, and the anti-oxidation process in experimentally induced obesity. Materials and Methods: Forty rats were separated into two sets regarding either receiving a normal balanced diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) and then distributed into four groups: GI: The control group had a regular diet for 12 weeks. GII: animals received a high-fat meal and saline by gastric gavage. GIII: HFD obese rats treated with SDG extract orally (10 mg/kg/b.w.) and 1.18 mg SDG/kg in the diet for 4 weeks GIV: Normal balanced diet rats received SDG extract orally (10 mg/kg/b.w.) and 1.18 mg SDG/kg of chow for 12 weeks in addition to their regular balanced diet. Results: The administration of SDG extract exhibited a significant drop in body weight, glucose, lipid profile, and leptin compared to the obese group. It also improved the antioxidant levels (lowering the levels of malondialdehyde while increasing the total antioxidant capacity) and anti-inflammatory status (decreasing interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). SDG extract downregulates the expression of HH genes (protein patched homolog 1, Hh-interacting protein, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1, and smoothened receptor) in conjunction with the modulation of autophagy genes and apoptotic proteins. Conclusion: SDG extract showed improved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant status and downregulated the expression of HH genes while modulating autophagy genes and apoptotic proteins among obese rats, suggesting that it may be used to avert and manage obesity and its correlated complications by modulating oxidation, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis. Advanced future research on the SDG autophagy pathway to address obesity and its complications is mandatory. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(2): 321–335, June 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j684

Objective: This research investigated secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) flax extract effects on apoptosis, hedgehog (Hh), autophagy, and the anti-oxidation process in experimentally induced obesity. Materials and Methods: Forty rats were separated into two sets regarding either receiving a nor¬mal balanced diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) and then distributed into four groups: GI: The control group had a regular diet for 12 weeks. GII: animals received a high-fat meal and saline by gastric gavage. GIII: HFD obese rats treated with SDG extract orally (10 mg/kg/b.w.) and 1.18 mg SDG/kg in the diet for 4 weeks GIV: Normal balanced diet rats received SDG extract orally (10 mg/kg/b.w.) and 1.18 mg SDG/kg of chow for 12 weeks in addition to their regular balanced diet. Results: The administration of SDG extract exhibited a significant drop in body weight, glucose, lipid profile, and leptin compared to the obese group. It also improved the antioxidant levels (lowering the levels of malondialdehyde while increasing the total antioxidant capacity) and anti-inflammatory status (decreasing interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). SDG extract downregulates the expression of HH genes (protein patched homolog 1, Hh-interacting protein, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1, and smoothened receptor) in conjunction with the mod¬ulation of autophagy genes and apoptotic proteins. Conclusion: SDG extract showed improved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant status and down¬regulated the expression of HH genes while modulating autophagy genes and apoptotic proteins among obese rats, suggesting that it may be used to avert and manage obesity and its correlated complications by modulating oxidation, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis. Advanced future research on the SDG autophagy pathway to address obesity and its complications is mandatory. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 321-335]

Objective: This study examines the effect of fermented milk containing the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici BK01 on cholesterol and intestinal microbiota. Materials and Methods: 24 male rats weighing an average of 200 gm each spent 1 week in a cage adapting to their new environment. They were fed standard feed daily and were allowed to drink ad libitum. For 3 weeks, rats were divided into four groups (doses of fermented milk): M+ (control), M1 (0.35 ml), M2 (0.70 ml), and M3 (1.05 ml). The analysis includes bodyweight determination, serum biochemical analysis, and intestine microbiota analysis. Results: The results indicated that while P. acidilactici BK01 fermented milk did not affect body weight or high-density lipoprotein, it did have a beneficial effect on total serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Additionally, treatment of fermented milk with P. acidilactici BK01 has been shown to increase the total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the intestine, as indicated by changes in the intestinal villi. Conclusion: Administering fermented milk (P. acidilactici BK01, 1.05 ml) can reduce total serum cholesterol and increase the number of LAB in intestinal villi in experimental animals, so it has the potential to be a probiotic. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(1): 64–71, March 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j653

Objective: This study examines the effect of fermented milk containing the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici BK01 on cholesterol and intestinal microbiota. Materials and Methods: 24 male rats weighing an average of 200 gm each spent 1 week in a cage adapting to their new environment. They were fed standard feed daily and were allowed to drink ad libitum. For 3 weeks, rats were divided into four groups (doses of fermented milk): M+ (control), M1 (0.35 ml), M2 (0.70 ml), and M3 (1.05 ml). The analysis includes bodyweight deter¬mination, serum biochemical analysis, and intestine microbiota analysis. Results: The results indicated that while P. acidilactici BK01 fermented milk did not affect body weight or high-density lipoprotein, it did have a beneficial effect on total serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Additionally, treatment of fermented milk with P. acidilactici BK01 has been shown to increase the total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the intestine, as indicated by changes in the intestinal villi. Conclusion: Administering fermented milk (P. acidilactici BK01, 1.05 ml) can reduce total serum cholesterol and increase the number of LAB in intestinal villi in experimental animals, so it has the potential to be a probiotic. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 64-71]

Objective: This research aims to identify the effect of various organic solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol (MeOH) on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Curcuma zedoaria extract, against three Gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and three Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: As much as 1 kg of white turmeric rhizome (C. zedoaria) was extracted two times for 24 h using 3 l of MeOH before evaporating. The extract was then fractionated using n-hexane six times per 2 h, with each volume of 500 ml, and continued with the EtOAc fractionation. The MeOH fraction was added to 300 ml of water before adding 400 ml of EtOAc. Once the fractionation process was complete, all fractions were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Results: The C. zedoria extract fractioned using MeOH produces alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, and coumarin compounds. The fractionation with EtOAc also produces alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, coumarin compounds, and triterpenoids. Meanwhile, fractionation with n-hexane only produces alkaloids and triterpenoid compounds. EtOAc and MeOH fractions had good activity in reducing free radicals produced by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), with an average IC50 value of 153.49 ± 2.66 and 185.77 ± 3.91 ppm, respectively. In contrast, the n-hexane fraction has weak antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 837.92 ± 5.32 ppm. The n-hexane fraction has better activity compared to MeOH and EtOAc. The lowest concentration required was 2,500 ppm for all types of bacteria. Conclusion: Curcuma zedoaria extract produces alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, and triterpenoids when fractionated with MeOH or EtOAc. Only alkaloids and triterpenoids are produced using n-hexane. EtOAc and MeOH fractions have good activity in reducing free radicals generated by DPPH, with an average IC50 value of 153.49 ± 2.66 and 185.77 ± 3.91 ppm, respectively. However, n-hexane has weak antioxidant activity, with an average IC50 value of 837.92 ± 5.32 ppm. All fractions have moderate antibacterial activity, but the extract of n-hexane from C. zedoary has better antibacterial activity compared to MeOH and EtOAc. The lowest concentration required is 2,500 ppm for all types of bacteria. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(3): 347–360, September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j687

Objective: This research aims to identify the effect of various organic solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol (MeOH) on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Curcuma zedoaria extract, against three Gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and three Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: As much as 1 kg of white turmeric rhizome (C. zedoaria) was extracted two times for 24 h using 3 l of MeOH before evaporating. The extract was then fractionated using n-hexane six times per 2 h, with each volume of 500 ml, and continued with the EtOAc fractionation. The MeOH fraction was added to 300 ml of water before adding 400 ml of EtOAc. Once the fractionation process was complete, all fractions were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Results: The C. zedoria extract fractioned using MeOH produces alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, and coumarin compounds. The fractionation with EtOAc also produces alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, coumarin compounds, and triterpenoids. Meanwhile, fractionation with n-hexane only produces alkaloids and triterpenoid compounds. EtOAc and MeOH fractions had good activity in reducing free radicals produced by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), with an average IC50 value of 153.49 ± 2.66 and 185.77 ± 3.91 ppm, respectively. In contrast, the n-hexane fraction has weak antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 837.92 ± 5.32 ppm. The n-hexane fraction has better activity compared to MeOH and EtOAc. The lowest concentration required was 2,500 ppm for all types of bacteria. Conclusion: Curcuma zedoaria extract produces alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, and triterpenoids when fractionated with MeOH or EtOAc. Only alkaloids and triterpenoids are produced using n-hexane. EtOAc and MeOH fractions have good activity in reducing free radicals generated by DPPH, with an average IC50 value of 153.49 ± 2.66 and 185.77 ± 3.91 ppm, respectively. However, n-hexane has weak antioxidant activity, with an average IC50 value of 837.92 ± 5.32 ppm. All fractions have moderate antibacterial activity, but the extract of n-hexane from C. zedoary has better antibacterial activity compared to MeOH and EtOAc. The lowest concentration required is 2,500 ppm for all types of bacteria.

Objective: The current study was carried out to assess the humoral immune responses according to age at different stages of wound healing in Black Bengal goats (BBG). Materials and Methods: Apparently, healthy BBGs (n = 20) were collected and divided into five groups based on their age: Group A (control, 3 years), Group B (3 to 5 years), Group C (2 to <3 years), Group D (1 to <2 years), and Group E (<1 year). Except for control, all BBGs were allowed to have artificial surgical wounds, and follow-up data were collected from day 0 to 21. The humoral immune responses [immunoglobulins (Igs) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] were determined by ELISA using commercial goat ELISA kits. Statistical Product and Service Solutions (Version 20) was used to analyze the data. Results: The normal range of immune cells in control BBGs was immunoglobulin G (IgG) (20.21 ± 0.13 mg/ml), immunoglobulin M (IgM) (2.87 ± 0.0.05 mg/ml), immunoglobulin A (IgA) (0.33 ± 0.01 mg/ml), and IL-6 (1.6 ± 0.05 pg/ml). In this experiment, higher concentrations of IgG (21.11 ± 0.20 mg/ml), IgM (2.92 ± 0.04 mg/ml), IgA (0.35 ± 0.02 mg/ml), and IL-6 (1.62 ± 0.05 pg/ml) were found in Group B BBGs, whereas the lower levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, and IL-6 were found at 17.16 ± 0.18 mg/ml, 2.12 ± 0.01 mg/ml, 0.29 ± 0.03 mg/ml, and 1.55 ± 0.05 pg/ml, respectively, in the Group E BBGs. Rapid wound healing was observed in the older groups compared to the younger groups of BBGs. The concentrations of Igs (IgG, IgM, and IgA) and IL-6 were gradually increased in all groups from day 3 (early inflammatory stage) and day 7 (late inflammatory stage), and then they decreased gradually from day 14 (proliferative stage) to reach the final stage of day 21 (remodeling stage), where the concentrations were found to be at a level comparable to their per-incisional period. No gender-related differences were detected. Conclusion: Adult BBGs (3 to 5 years old) showed faster wound repair and stronger immune responses. This finding may assist veterinarians and researchers in considering age-related immune responses for the recovery and rapid cure of surgical wounds.  J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(3): 361–369 September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j688

Objective: The current study was carried out to assess the humoral immune responses according to age at different stages of wound healing in Black Bengal goats (BBG). Materials and Methods: Apparently, healthy BBGs (n = 20) were collected and divided into five groups based on their age: Group A (control, 3 years), Group B (3 to 5 years), Group C (2 to

Objectives: This study aimed to measure the production potential of selected Pitalah and Bayang male ducks and their first generation. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 Pitalah and 100 Bayang 1-day-old ducks (40 males, 60 females) were obtained from local farmers and reared for 32–34 weeks. Twenty male ducks were selected as parental ducks based on their body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at weeks 8 and 12. Forty female layer ducks were selected as parental ducks based on their blood cholesterol levels. Selected parental ducks were allowed to reproduce, and the ducklings were reared for 8 weeks before their BW, BW gain (BWG), feed intake, FCR, carcass weight percentage, abdominal fat percentage, and income over feed and duck cost (IOFC) ratio were measured. The data were subjected to a t-test. Results: Pitalah parental and first-generation ducks had better production performance and blood lipid profiles than Bayang ducks (p < 0.05). Based on the IOFC ratio, rearing Pitalah ducks for 8 weeks for meat production was more profitable and beneficial as a community economic resource. Conclusion: The selection of Pitalah and Bayang ducks was worth pursuing, as the G1 of both Pitalah and Bayang ducks had better production performance in terms of their BW, BWG, and FCR. Based on the IOFC values, raising Pitalah ducks for 8 weeks for meat production would be more economically beneficial. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(3): 378–384, September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j690

Objectives: This study aimed to measure the production potential of selected Pitalah and Bayang male ducks and their first generation. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 Pitalah and 100 Bayang 1-day-old ducks (40 males, 60 females) were obtained from local farmers and reared for 32–34 weeks. Twenty male ducks were selected as parental ducks based on their body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at weeks 8 and 12. Forty female layer ducks were selected as parental ducks based on their blood cholesterol levels. Selected parental ducks were allowed to reproduce, and the ducklings were reared for 8 weeks before their BW, BW gain (BWG), feed intake, FCR, carcass weight percentage, abdominal fat percentage, and income over feed and duck cost (IOFC) ratio were measured. The data were subjected to a t-test. Results: Pitalah parental and first-generation ducks had better production performance and blood lipid profiles than Bayang ducks (p < 0.05). Based on the IOFC ratio, rearing Pitalah ducks for 8 weeks for meat production was more profitable and beneficial as a community economic resource. Conclusion: The selection of Pitalah and Bayang ducks was worth pursuing, as the G1 of both Pitalah and Bayang ducks had better production performance in terms of their BW, BWG, and FCR. Based on the IOFC values, raising Pitalah ducks for 8 weeks for meat production would be more economically beneficial.

Objective: This research assesses whether probiotics could enhance growth performance and improve nutrient digestibility in birds fed with low-protein diets. Materials and Methods: A total of 250 1-day-old ROSS chicks were used in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments with 5 replicates and 10 birds for each replicate. The experimental diets were as follows: basal diet containing 100% crude protein (CP) according to Nutrition Research Council recommendation (control diet); basal diet containing CP 10% less than the control diet low protein (LP); LP with addition of probiotic by 50 mg/kg diet (LP + P1); LP with addition of probiotics by 100 mg/kg diet (LP + P2); LP with an addition of probiotics by 150 mg/ kg diet (LP + P3). Results: Broilers fed with the control, LP + P2, and LP + P3 diets had greater body weight and weight gain than broilers fed with the LP during starter, finisher, and total periods (p < 0.01). The feed conversion ratio was the best (p < 0.01) in the control and LP + P3 treatments compared with the LP and LP + P1 treatments throughout the experiment. The European production efficiency factor was the lowest in the LP treatment compared with other treatments from 1 to 42 days. Protein efficiency ratio and protein retention were both higher in birds fed with the LP + P2 and LP + P3 diets compared to birds given the control and LP diets (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Adding probiotics to the diet remarkably improved the productive performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler-fed low-protein diets.   J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(3): 395–402, September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j692

Objective: This research assesses whether probiotics could enhance growth performance and improve nutrient digestibility in birds fed with low-protein diets. Materials and Methods: A total of 250 1-day-old ROSS chicks were used in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments with 5 replicates and 10 birds for each replicate. The experimental diets were as follows: basal diet containing 100% crude protein (CP) according to Nutrition Research Council recommendation (control diet); basal diet containing CP 10% less than the control diet low protein (LP); LP with addition of probiotic by 50 mg/kg diet (LP + P1); LP with addition of probiotics by 100 mg/kg diet (LP + P2); LP with an addition of probiotics by 150 mg/kg diet (LP + P3). Results: Broilers fed with the control, LP + P2, and LP + P3 diets had greater body weight and weight gain than broilers fed with the LP during starter, finisher, and total periods (p < 0.01). The feed conversion ratio was the best (p < 0.01) in the control and LP + P3 treatments compared with the LP and LP + P1 treatments throughout the experiment. The European production efficiency factor was the lowest in the LP treatment compared with other treatments from 1 to 42 days. Protein efficiency ratio and protein retention were both higher in birds fed with the LP + P2 and LP + P3 diets compared to birds given the control and LP diets (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Adding probiotics to the diet remarkably improved the productive performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler-fed low-protein diets.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and pattern of congenital flexural deformity (knuckling), to identify the association between trace elements and vitamins with the deformity, and to apply different surgical techniques for correcting this congenital malformation in newborn bovine calves. Materials and Methods: The study was implemented on 17 newborn calves with carpal (knee) and fetlock (foot) knuckling presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from January to December 2020. The serum biochemical alterations and clinical outcomes were assessed on days 0 and 21 following surgery. Two surgical methods: tendon transection and tendon elongation by Z-tenotomy, were performed for surgical restoration. Results: We found that knuckling comprised 12% of the total congenitally malformed calves. The male calves had a higher prevalence (52%, n = 9) and the same in the winter season (65%, n = 11). The majority of the knuckling was bilateral types (88%, n = 15), involving the carpal joint (82%, n = 14) and moderately angulated (59%, n = 10). The serum level of magnesium, iron, vitamin D, and zinc were significantly (p < 0.05) changed from the pre-surgical stage to the stage of non-lameness after surgery. The disorder was surgically treated by tendon transection or tendon elongation procedure and had a good prognosis. Conclusion: The current study concluded that the development of knuckling in calves might be related to a deficiency/excess of specific minerals and vitamins and that it can be effectively corrected by surgical intervention; however, early diagnosis and the use of proper surgical techniques are crucial for improving the prognosis. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(1): 88–95, March 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j656

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and pattern of congenital flexural deformity (knuckling), to identify the association between trace elements and vitamins with the deformity, and to apply different surgical techniques for correcting this congenital malformation in newborn bovine calves. Materials and Methods: The study was implemented on 17 newborn calves with carpal (knee) and fetlock (foot) knuckling presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from January to December 2020. The serum biochemical alterations and clinical outcomes were assessed on days 0 and 21 following surgery. Two surgical methods: ten¬don transection and tendon elongation by Z-tenotomy, were performed for surgical restoration. Results: We found that knuckling comprised 12% of the total congenitally malformed calves. The male calves had a higher prevalence (52%, n = 9) and the same in the winter season (65%, n = 11). The majority of the knuckling was bilateral types (88%, n = 15), involving the carpal joint (82%, n = 14) and moderately angulated (59%, n = 10). The serum level of magnesium, iron, vitamin D, and zinc were significantly (p < 0.05) changed from the pre-surgical stage to the stage of non-lameness after surgery. The disorder was surgically treated by tendon transection or tendon elongation procedure and had a good prognosis. Conclusion: The current study concluded that the development of knuckling in calves might be related to a deficiency/excess of specific minerals and vitamins and that it can be effectively cor¬rected by surgical intervention; however, early diagnosis and the use of proper surgical techniques are crucial for improving the prognosis. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 88-95]

Objectives: The use of dried star gooseberry leaf extract (DSGLE) in rations and its effects on the egg internal quality of local ducks were examined. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 9-month-old local ducks weighing 1,406.25 ± 211.32 gm were randomly allocated into 5 treatments and 5 replicates in a completely randomized design. The birds were reared in 25 battery cages (4 birds each) and fed rations containing 0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% DSGLE. Results: Eggs of ducks fed DSGLE had significantly lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) (30.66%– 32.53%) than those of control ducks (36.23%). Egg polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased from 2.29% (control) to 2.61% (2.0% DSGLE) and 2.76% (1.5% DSGLE), while egg monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were not significantly different. The fatty acids of the whole edible part of eggs (albumen + yolk) were composed mainly of MUFA (40.19%–44.34%), followed by SFA (30.66%–36.22%), and PUFA (2.29%–2.76%). Malondialdehyde contents were reduced from 6.07 to 4.92 µg/gm (19%) in egg yolk and from 1.50 to 0.62 µg/gm (59%) in egg white, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of the eggs were reduced from 0.93 to 1.65 (77%). The egg cholesterol level of ducks fed 2% DSGLE (21.94 mg/gm) was about 28.5% lower than that of eggs from control ducks (30.67 mg/gm) of eggs of control ducks. The egg white and egg yolk protein contents (12.31% and 16.35%) of treated ducks were lower than those in the control group (13.58% and 17.47%). Conclusion: The inclusion of SGLE in rations could be used to produce healthy duck eggs with no oxidative damage. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(2): 421–428, September 2023 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j695

Objectives: The use of dried star gooseberry leaf extract (DSGLE) in rations and its effects on the egg internal quality of local ducks were examined. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 9-month-old local ducks weighing 1,406.25 ± 211.32 gm were randomly allocated into 5 treatments and 5 replicates in a completely randomized design. The birds were reared in 25 battery cages (4 birds each) and fed rations containing 0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% DSGLE. Results: Eggs of ducks fed DSGLE had significantly lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) (30.66%–32.53%) than those of control ducks (36.23%). Egg polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased from 2.29% (control) to 2.61% (2.0% DSGLE) and 2.76% (1.5% DSGLE), while egg monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were not significantly different. The fatty acids of the whole edible part of eggs (albumen + yolk) were composed mainly of MUFA (40.19%–44.34%), followed by SFA (30.66%–36.22%), and PUFA (2.29%–2.76%). Malondialdehyde contents were reduced from 6.07 to 4.92 μg/gm (19%) in egg yolk and from 1.50 to 0.62 μg/gm (59%) in egg white, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of the eggs were reduced from 0.93 to 1.65 (77%). The egg cholesterol level of ducks fed 2% DSGLE (21.94 mg/gm) was about 28.5% lower than that of eggs from control ducks (30.67 mg/gm) of eggs of control ducks. The egg white and egg yolk protein contents (12.31% and 16.35%) of treated ducks were lower than those in the control group (13.58% and 17.47%). Conclusion: The inclusion of SGLE in rations could be used to produce healthy duck eggs with no oxidative damage.