Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize Kacang goats (aged 1–2 years) in the highland (group 1) and lowland (group 2) areas of Jambi Province based on their body measure­ments and body indices.  Materials and Methods: A total of 320 goats were collected from lowland (n = 160), and highland (n = 160) areas with sex proportions of 80 bucks and 80 does for each area. Eight body mea­surements and 12 body indices were used to characterize the Kacang goats from different areas. Results: The research showed that each animal group had one principal component (PC) for body measurements and four PCs for body indices. Thus, the body measurement of rump height (RH) and the body indices of area index, weight index, and thoracic development were suggested as the variables to distinguish the Kacang goats from different areas. However, the canonical correla­tion (rc) value in the study was approximately 0.30 (low). Therefore, about 59.4% (lowland) and 60.6% (highland) of Kacang goats were characterized by the body measurements, and the body indices were indicated approximately 48.8% (lowland) and 61.2% (highland) of Kacang goats. A cluster analysis of the four Kacang populations revealed that Kacang goats in this study were grouped into a first cluster (Kerinci) and a second cluster (Muaro Jambi, Batanghari, and Sungai Penuh).  Conclusion: It is concluded that body measurements and body indices cannot characterize the Kacang goats from lowland and highland areas. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(4): 734-743, Dec 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g475

Objective: We aimed to determine the neem leaf extract’s effect on Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expressions in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis rats.  Materials and Methods: In the first phase of the study, colitis was induced by DSS administration in the case group and compared to the control group. In the second phase, 84 colitis rats were divided into groups I, II, and III receiving 7.8 mg/day of mesalazine, 100 mg/200 gm body weight, and 200 mg/200 gm body weight neem leaf extract, respectively.  Results: TNF-α and IL-6 expressions were significantly increased in the case group compared to the control group. TNF-α and IL-6 expressions were decreasing in all groups receiving treatment. Group III showed an earlier decrease compared to group II. TNF-α and IL-6 expressions in group III were comparable with group I since the second week. This condition was observed in the 4th week between group II and group I.  Conclusion: It can be concluded that neem leaf extract decreased the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in DSS-induced colitis. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(4): 744-749, Dec 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g476

Objective: This study was undertaken to compare the curative efficacy of marigold leaf paste and turmeric paste on healing the incised wound in sheep. The study also determined the anti­microbial effects and histopathological changes in a wound’s healing process treated with these medicinal herbs.  Materials and Methods: Surgical wounds (n = 18) were created aseptically in the skin of the flank region of six healthy sheep dividing them into three experimental groups. Follow-up data were taken up to day 21. Different morphological characteristics of the wound and wound contraction (length and width) were recorded weekly. Samples were collected on days 1, 2, and 3 to test the antimicrobial effects and on days 1, 3, and 7 for histopathological studies.  Results: Treatment with marigold leaf paste and turmeric paste resulted in a swelled wound area of 11.78 ± 0.38 mm and 11.52 ± 0.27 mm, respectively. The wound areas were comparatively lower than that of the control group (11.44 ± 0.20 mm). Moreover, the least elevation (2.44 ± 0.12 mm) of the sutured line from the skin surface was noted and compared between the marigold leaf paste and normal saline (2.74 ± 0.13 mm). Bacterial colonies in the nutrient agar medium cultured with swabs from the normal saline-treated group’s wound area were found on day 1. On the con­trary, bacterial colonies were absent on days 2 and 3 of treatment in the groups treated with both the paste of marigold leaves and turmeric. Less intense tissue reactions and higher keratinization of epithelium were shown in the group treated with marigold leaf paste than turmeric paste and saline-treated groups.  Conclusion: Marigold leaf paste showed less tissue reaction and healed the wounds effectively. Thus, this paste could be used for the treatment of superficial wounds in sheep. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(4): 750-757, Dec 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g477

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between pelvic measure­ments, namely pelvic height (PH), pelvic area (PA), and pelvic width, and linear body measure­ment traits, such as hindquarters width, rump length (RL), hip height (HH), body weight (BW), shoulder height, chest depth (CD), body length, and also calve birth weight (CBW) under different calving ease scores, namely no assistance, gently pull, and hard pull.  Material and Methods: A total of 51 first calf Sussex heifers at 24 months old, weighing approx­imately 440 ± 40.26 kg, were used for this study. Two-year-old bulls (n = 2), weighing approxi­mately 800 kg, were used for mating the 51 heifers with a bull to cow ratio of 1:30 and 1:21. The fertility of bulls was assessed by a private veterinarian before the mating season. Calving ease was scored as follows: 1 = no assistance during parturition (normal), 2 = heifer assistance as gently pull, 3 = heifer assistance as hard pull, 4 = heifer cannot calf, 5 = heifer calved a dead calf, and 6 = heifer calf with the abnormal position.  Results: Descriptive statistics indicated that PH (p < 0.01) and RL (p < 0.05) were positively remark­able and different among calving ease scores. Correlation results of the no assistance Sussex heifers group revealed that CBW was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with PH. Classification and regression tree CART results demonstrated that PH, BW, CD, and HH play an important role in predicting calving ease in Sussex heifers.  Conclusion: The findings suggest that there is an association among PAs and biometric traits. The present study might help farmers select animals with higher PH, BW, CD, and HH during breeding to lower dystocia incidents during parturition. However, further studies need to be carried out in CART modeling to reduce dystocia in a larger sample size of Sussex heifers or other cattle breeds. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 8(1): 164-172, Mar 2021 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2021.h499

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Benin. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the blood samples were taken from 932 cattle: 573 from slaughterhouses and 359 from the farms of the targeted divisions. After the blood samples, thick drops and blood smears were made. The capillary tubes filled with blood made it possible to determine the hematocrit in cattle. Results: The prevalence of trypanosomosis in farms (27.02%) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of animals in slaughterhouses (16.75%). In farms, the prevalence was 38.55% during the rainy season against 16.67% in the dry season (p < 0.001). In slaughterhouses, prevalences were 10.99%, 17.58%, and 21.50%, respectively, in Bohicon, Cotonou/Porto-Novo, and Parakou. Hematocrit in slaughterhouses was 24.17% and 31.44%, respectively, in infested and non-infested animals. In farms, this rate was 22.85% in infested animals and 29.31% in non-infested animals (p < 0.05). Young cattle are more vulnerable to trypanosomosis than older cattle. Conclusion: Given the endemic situation of bovine trypanosomosis and its impact on the econ­omy, this knowledge of the health status of cattle will help out to seek ways and alternatives to reduce the damage. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 6-15, March 2020

Objective: This study aims for molecular identification of naturally growing Bacillus cereus strain from a unique source, able to survive, and alleviate heavy metals from the nature. Materials and Methods: Pure isolate from Murrah buffalo milk was prepared in B. cereus selective Polymyxin pyruvate egg-yolk mannitol–bromothymol blue agar (PEMBA) medium through a cascade of contamination free subcultures. The morphological and biochemical tests were done prior to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for strain identification and further physiological tests. The test strain was inoculated in both solid and suspension culture medium supplemented individually with Cd, Cu, Ag, and Zn to reveal the qualitative and quantitative heavy metal tolerance properties, respectively. Finally, the data collected from the in vitro assessment was statistically analyzed Results: Molecular analysis revealed that the test strain was B. cereus BF2, which was motile, catalase positive and Gram positive rod. B. cereus BF2 was found significant at 0.3% bile salt tolerance [two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)—p value is < 0.0001] where, t-test p value is < 0.0002 between Control Group (CG) and TGR-1; p < 0.037 between TGR-1 and 2; p < 0.0014 between CG and TGR-2. Similarly, B. cereus BF2 was significant in pH tolerant up to 8.0 with p < 0.0115 (in scale p < 0.05). The heavy metal tolerance test revealed that the test metals could not stop the growth of B. cereus BF2 even after 24 h of incubation but partially suppressed the growth kinetics for letting into stationary phase. Among the four heavy metals, Cd and Zn showed partial antagonism to the growth of B. cereus BF2. The survivability was highly significant in the medium supplemented with Zn (p < 0.0001) and Ag (p < 0.018). Conclusion: Bacillus cereus BF2 can survive in selective heavy metals with metal resistance and biodegradation capacity. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 62-68, March 2020

Objective: The study obtained data on the potential of local feed ingredients, both in quantity, quality, and continuity and to observe the absorption power and ability of livestock to use feed designed in vitro. Materials and Methods: The method uses a survey method of potential sources of animal feed and calculates the carrying capacity of ruminants and nutritional analysis of feed ingredients with proximate analysis. Feed formulations were made based on proximate analysis results of four formulas (P1, P2, P3, and P4) and tested in vitro. Results: First, Nganjuk district has the highest of the local food potential with the production of agricultural waste and agricultural industries, reaching 802,341.94 tons/year. Second, the most top carrying capacity analysis reached in Tulungagung district, which reached 62,534 ST/year or 43% of the total population of ruminants. Third, the results of the study of the quality of local feed ingredients indicate that each type of feed material has the right and proper nutrition given to ruminants. Fourth, the in vitro testing included showing P1 feed that had a very significant effect (p < 0.01) on dry matter digestibility and digestibility of organic matter of cows, respectively, 74.69% and 73.39%. Conclusion: The in vitro technique of making animal feed can be developed in the areas that have the potential to produce agricultural waste and agricultural industries to increase the carrying capacity of livestock. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 92-102, March 2020

Objectives: The study was undertaken to investigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from livestock in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: The GHG emission inventory of livestock in Bangladesh was estimated according to the tier 1 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) using livestock population data from 2005 to 2018. It was also extrapolated for the next three decades, according to the growth of the livestock population. Results: According to the calculation, the GHG emission from livestock was 66,586 Gg/year CO2 equivalent (CO2e) in 2018. This emission may rise to 69,869, 80,618, 94,638, and 113,098 Gg/ year CO2e in 2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050, respectively. The share of enteric methane, manure methane, direct nitrous oxide emission, and indirect nitrous oxide emission in the total GHG emis­sions represented 44.0%, 3.6%, 51.5%, and 0.9%, respectively, in 2018. It may arise at a rate of 1.54%–1.74% annually until 2050. Conclusion: The GHG inventory may guide professionals to formulate and undertake the effective mitigation measures of GHG emissions from livestock in Bangladesh. However, this inventory can be amended following the tier 2 approach recommended by the IPCC if necessary data are avail­able at the national level. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 133-140, March 2020

Objective: This work was conducted to examine the association between body weight (BW) and biometric traits viz. head width (HW), head length (HL), ear length (EL), body length (BL), rump height (RH), withers height (WH), sternum height (SH), rump width (RW), and heart girth (HG) and to determine the direct and indirect effects of biometric traits on BW. Materials and Methods: Sixty female and twenty male Nguni cattle between the ages of one to four years were used. Pearson correlation and path analysis were used for data analysis. Results: Correlation results recognized that BW had a positive highly significant correlation with RW (r = 0.70**), RH (r = 0.90**), HG (r = 0.90**), SH (r = 0.90**), and WH (r = 0.93**) in male, whereas SH (r = 0.34**), WH (r = 0.55**), RH (r = 0.70**), and HG (r = 0.76**) had a positive highly significant correlation with BW of female Nguni cattle. Path analysis showed that RW (13.35) had the highest direct effect, whereas SH had an indirect effect on BW of male Nguni cattle. In female Nguni cattle, RH (4.87) had the highest direct effect, whereas HL had an indirect effect on BW. Conclusion: Association findings suggest that improvement of RW, RH, HG, SH, HG, and WH might result in the increase in BW of Nguni cattle. Path analysis results suggest that RW and RH might be used as a selection criterion during breeding to increase BW of Nguni cattle. The results of the current study might be used by cattle farmers to estimate BW using biometric traits. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 148-155, March 2020

Objective: The current investigation was designed to point out the prevalence of multidrug-resis­tant Streptococcus spp. causing acute clinical mastitis and their pattern of antibiotic resistance in dairy cows. Materials and methods: Milk was sampled from 128 dairy cows with 191 infected quarters during the period from August 2017 to December 2018. Bacterial species were isolated from the milk samples and identified based on colony morphology and biochemical tests. Multiplex PCR was done for confirmatory detection of the Streptococcus spp. isolates. Results: The chief isolation percentages, from the sampled milk, were Escherichia coli (26%), then Staphylococcus aureus (23%), and Streptococcus dysagalactiae(23%), then Streptococcus agalac­tiae(20.1%), and finally coagulase-negative Staphylococci (7.7%). In confirmed PCR streptococci isolates, the antibiotic resistance genes have been detected, including macrolides antibiotic resis­tance genes (ermBand mefAgenes), lincosamides antibiotic resistance genes (linBgene), and tetra­cycline resistance genes (tetMand tetOgenes). Age, parity number, cleaning of bedding materials, cleaning of milking facilities, and utensils and udder cleaning practice were significant risk factors for multidrug-resistant streptococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Conclusion: The results of this study explored the phenotypic and genotypic traits of Streptococcus spp. which constitute a usual cause of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows. The ermB, mefA, tetM, and tetOantibiotic-resistant genes were identified in streptococci isolates from dairy cows’ milk with acute clinical mastitis, indicating a public health hazard. Thus, veterinary clinical breakpoints are needed to improve surveillance data, improve the hygiene regimen on the farms, and pro­mote the wise use of antimicrobials. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 186-197, June 2020