This retrospective study was conducted to elucidate reproductive parameters oh heifers. The age of insemination resulted with pregnancy (AIRP), the number of inseminations per pregnancy (NIPP), length of the gestation period (LGP), age at first calving (AFC), maternal body weight at the first calving (BWFC), and bodyweight of calves at parturition (BWCP) data were compiled from 179 heifers (Holstein, n = 32; Simmental, n = 147), which were born between June 22, 2013 and October 31, 2019 and raised under the same managerial program in a private farm. The data were subjected to 2-way ANOVA and regression analysis. The AIRP was longer in Simmental heifers than Holstein heifers (515 ± 5 d vs. 482 ± 7 d; P<0.01) while NIPP values were similar (1.99 ± 0.10 vs. 2.06 ± 0.10, P>0.05). Likewise, the AFC was 39 d shorter for Holstein heifers than that for Simmental heifers (753 ± 7 d vs. 796 ± 5 d, P<0.001). The LGP was shorter in Holstein heifers than Simmental heifers (271 ± 1 d vs. 280 ± 1 d; P<0.0001). However, the BWFC (576 ± 10 kg vs. 585 ± 5 kg) and BWCP (39.0 ± 0.8 kg vs. 40.7 ± 0.5) were not different. The sire, calf sex, and maternal weight accounted for 83.1% (P<0.01), 9.3% (P<0.05), and 7.6% (P>0.05) of variations in the BWCP. The linear models describing relationships were 1) LPG (d) = 0.46∙BWCP (kg) + 260.4, R² = 0.12 (P<0.0001), 2) AFC (d) = 28.05∙NIPP + 731.36, R² = 0.35, (P<0.0001), and 3) BWFC (kg) = 0.32∙AFC (d) + 328.47, R² = 0.11 (P<0.0001). In conclusion, reproductive management covering accurate observation for estrus sign, inseminated by experienced inseminator, checked for pregnancy status as early as possible is crucial to improve life-time productivity. Sire selection should be considered for minimizing dystocia incidence.

Post-breeding endometritis is among the most important causes of infertility in purebred Arabian mares. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the diagnosis of post-breeding endometritis by various intrauterine antibiotics administrations and to determine the most successful treatment protocol in terms of achieving pregnancy. For this purpose, a total of 80 purebred Arabian mares, that had no reproductive problems in the previous season but were susceptible to post-breeding endometritis in the season of the study were included. During the ovulation follow up performed 24 and 48 hours after the insemination, mares with an intrauterine fluid accumulation larger than 2 cm in diameter were considered susceptible to post-breeding endometritis. These mares were divided into 3 different intrauterine treatment groups: Group I (Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid, n=20), Group II (Ceftiofur Sodium, n=20) and Group III (Florfenicol, n=20). The mares in the control group were not given any treatment other than placebo (0.09% NaCl) (Group IV, n=20). Oxytocin (IM) was administered to all mares in the treatment and control groups 2-3 hours after the application, in 3 doses at 6 hour intervals. An examination was performed at the 24th and 48th hours following the ovulation to determine ovulation. Pregnancy examinations were carried out by ultrasound on the 15th, 30th and 45th days after the ovulation. As a result of the treatments, pregnancy rates among the groups were found as 40%, 60%, 55% and 20%, respectively. As a result, it was concluded that Ceftiofur sodium and Florfenicol applications are effective (p<0.05) in terms of pregnancy rates in mares susceptible to post-breeding endometritis.

Homocysteine (Hcy) is an amino acid containing sulfur group in methionine metabolism regulating by vitamin B12 and folic acid. In recent years, it has been used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of several diseases. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to investigate normal values of plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folic acid in Angora cats considering the age and gender. Thirty-two blood samples were collected from healthy Angora cats. They were classified as young (5.8±2.6 months, n=16) and adults (76.6±52.6 months, n=16) according to age, and as male (n=16) and female (n=16) according to gender as well. The findings of this study showed that plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folate concentrations of all cats were totally 29.94±3.20 nmol/mL, 1179.25±156.96 pg/mL, 28.10±1.50 ng/mL, respectively. These parameters were not differed statistically according to gender (P>0.05). On the other hand, it was observed that plasma concentrations of Hcy, and vitamin B12 were significantly (P<0.05) increased by ageing, except folate levels. In conclusion, this is the first study represents the normal values of plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folic acid in Angora cats considering age and gender It is supposed that findings of this study may offer scientific data for researchers, veterinarians, or further comprehensive studies.

As a well-known protozoan zoonotic giardiasis has manifested itself with various clinical findings in mammal species including human and dogs. Absorption of some essential biochemical elements required to growth has interrupted in giardiasis being tight relationship with malnutrition. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the serum trace element levels in dogs infected with giardiasis. For this purpose, totally 16 dogs enrolled in the study and 8 of these had diarrhoea compatible with giardia (infected group) and others were grouped into healthy. Diagnosis of giardia was performed by microscopical evaluation of cysts and supported by rapid test from faecal samples. In the infected group, copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) levels had significant differences to healthy control. Giardia infected dogs had a significant increase in Cu and significantly reduces in Mg and Zn levels. It was thought that unclear mechanism of decreased Zn levels might be related to elevated Cu involving enzyme systems. And also, malabsorption and diarrhoea were proposed mechanism for altered Mg levels, which could counteract by blocking of intestinal absorption. Consequently, Cu, Mg and Zn levels were affected in giardiasis and the addable of these elements to the treatment should be revealed by further studies.

The aim of this study is to identify physiological reference values for Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) results, in healthy sheep and goats. The study included 56 adult Sakiz sheep and 38 Saanen goats with no ocular disease. Tear volume was measured by a sterile STT strip. IOP was measured with Tono-Vet. IOP and STT readings were carried out in July, at 12.30-14.30 hrs. Measurements were write down in similar conditions in sheep and goats (at 41.8°C-30% humidity and 40.5°C and 32% humidity, respectively). No statistically significant difference was determined between the mean IOP and STT values of the left eye and the right eye in the statistical analysis of goats and sheep (P>0.05). The mean STT values were 10.6±3.03 mm/min in Saanen goats and 11.8±3.35 mm/min in Sakiz sheep. The mean IOP values were 16.5±5.46 mmHg and 17.7±4.57 mmHg for Saanen goats and Sakiz sheep, respectively. A statistically significant difference was determined in the STT (P<0.05) and IOP (P<0.01) values between goats and sheep. In the literature review for reference IOP and STT levels, there is no report for Sakız sheep. Reference values of STT and IOP in summer conditions in Saanen goats and Sakiz sheep were revealed and provide more information for experimental and clinical studies.

Gastrointestinal diseases are caused by many of the apicomplexan protozoan parasites and cause significant clinical diseases. Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important diseases of young ruminant livestock, particularly neonatal calves. This study investigates the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in Karbala farm cattle. Totally, 1360 fecal samples were collected from cows and calves between (1 week to  5years old) from both genders, from different regions of Karbala. Different fecal examination methods (direct fecal smear, fecal flotation with saturated salt solution and faecal smear stained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen were performed to determine Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and other mixed parasites in the fecal samples. The results showed that 29.4% of the fecal samples were detected positive for cryptosporidiosis (400/1360). The highest infection rate appeared (41.9%) in the age group from 3-6 months old, and less rate was (15.1%) in 2 years (P≤0.05). Additionally, there was no significant variation found in infection rates between males (33.8%) and females (25.6%). Mixed infections have been reported with Eimeria spp. oocysts (7.3%), Giardia lamblia cysts (1.4%) and Trichostrongylus spp. eggs (5.1%) (P≤0.05). The results indicated the requirement for the eradication of the gastrointestinal parasites by deworming and a good management system in the sampled region.

Animal health and production are impaired with heat stress inducing dysfunction of intestinal barrier. In this study, it was aimed to determine that the effect of heat stress on gut health via circulating zonulin concentrations. Holstein dairy cows (n=7, age of 2-5 years) were housed in Aydin municipality with higher temperatures in summer. Blood sample for serum zonulin levels were collected at 12 pm and 00 am with temperature records of 44°C and 31°C respectively. Serum zonulin levels were found to be statistically significant (p=0,012) at night in contrast to daylight analytes. With this study it was appeared that heat stress had a negatively impact on intestinal integrity among cows.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of timoquinone and β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) on the brain tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Randomly selected 35 male rats were divided into five groups of 7 animals each at 8 weeks. The groups are respectively; C, D, DT, DB, DTB. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by intraperitoneally injection of a single dose of streptozotocin. Thymoquinone (20 mg/kg/day) and BAIBA (100 mg/kg/day) were administered to diabetic rats by gavage for 5 weeks. In the D group; glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. Again, in this group; relative brain weight, malondialdehyde (MDA), glucose, cholesterol (CH) triglyceride (TG) and creatine kinase BB (CK BB) levels increased. The histological structure of the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum in diabetic rats was similar to that of the other groups. No histopathological alterations were detected in the central nervous system (CNS) at light microscopic level in any of the groups. It was observed that these biocehemical changes occurring after DM were reversed significantly in DT, DB and DBT groups. Although the protective effects of BAIBA were stronger than thymoquinone, the most effective result was obtained with the combined use of thymoquinone+BAIBA. The biochemical results obtained in this study showed that oxidative stress occurred in the brain tissue of diabetic rats. However, the effects of oxidative stress on the histological structure of brain tissue could not be detected by light microscopic level. The biochemical analysis results suggested that administration thymoquinone and BAIBA could be used as therapeutic agents with the potential to ameliorate brain damage caused by diabetes mellitus because of the antioxidant effects.

The aim of the study is investigate the relationship between puberty and plasma Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in Simmental heifers from six months to puberty. The heifers were selected through random sampling and their body weight, heart-girth circumference, hip height and body condition score were regularly recorded every month from six months of age (Group 1, n=10) until twelve months. Their blood samples were taken for AMH measurement. First data from six-month old heifers were classified in Group 1, the 7th month in Group 2, the 8th month in Group 3, the 9th month in Group 4, the 10th month in Group 5, the 11th month in Group 6 and the 12 months in Group 7. Two of the Simmental heifers in the study exhibited symptoms of estrous cycle in the 7th month, 2 in the 8th month, 1 in the 9th month, 2 in the 10th month and 3 in the 11th month. We calculated that the difference between all data except the AMH value was statistically significant in the first months before and after the onset of estrous cycle (P<0.01). In conclusion, we found that AMH decreases before puberty, and proceeds at a stable value afterwards in Simmental heifers. We also found that AMH levels are correlated with hip height, heart-girth circumference and body weight during puberty. The study suggests that the differences in body condition score and body weight are significant (P<0.05) in the month of estrous cycle onset and the following months.

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of Dysplasia in Belgian Malinois dogs employed in security units using the British Veterinary Association (BVA)/Kennel Club (KC) scoring system. According to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) pedigree, the study was conducted on 52 dogs registered to Kennel Club with A score hip joint structure. Standard ventrodorsal pelvis radiographs were taken by adduction with the hind limbs in full extension and femurs parallel to the spine of the dogs lying in the supine position using a stabilizer back support. Bilateral pelvic radiographs were transferred to the computer, and Norberg Angle (NA) measurements of the right and left coxofemoral joints were made on the digimizer program. Afterward, scoring was made according to the BVA/KC scoring criteria and evaluated in terms of Dysplasia according to the total score. In this study, 52 Belgian Malinois dogs were used, of which 21.1% were male, and 41% were female dogs. The average age of the dogs was measured as 1.41±0.35 years, and the average body weight was measured as 24.00±2.94 kg. Consequently, it was observed that hip joint compliance in animals was not included in the group at risk for Dysplasia, and the mean value of NA measurements was measured as 106.53 degrees for the right coxofemoral joint, as 105.74 degrees for the left coxofemoral joint, and the mean value of the total hip score was measured as 3.42.