Proteomics, which is called the identification phase of the proteome identifying all the proteins encoded by the genome, has an important place in solving the difficulties experienced in toxicology. Proteomics refers to the study of interactions with other proteins and macromolecules, structure, location, amount, post-translational modifications (PTM), function in tissues/cells of the proteome. With proteomic studies, new relationships between proteins and toxicopathological effects can be determined and it is revealed the information on the toxic action mechanisms of various substances, from metals to peroxisome proliferators. On the other hand, toxicoproteomics seeks to identify critical proteins and pathways in biological systems that respond to it and adversely affected by chemical and environmental exposures using protein expression technologies. Toxicoproteomics combines 3 discipline areas. These are 1) traditional toxicology and pathology 2) differential protein and gene expression analysis 3) systems biology. Toxicoproteomic studies are an important area that can provide critical tools for identification of biomarkers associated with exposure to toxic substances, assessing their reliability and designing appropriate measures that can minimize adverse effects. In this statement, it is aimed to emphasize the importance of proteomics in toxicology.

This study aimed to determine the presence of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), which is a member of the hemotropic mycoplasmas called infectious anemia of cats, known to be zoonotic, usually progresses with hemolytic anemia in cats, and can lead to the death of the cat if not treated, in the Kırıkkale province by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The experimental units of the study consisted of 50 male and 50 female cats of different breeds, aged between 2-months and 10-years, presented to the Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics Clinics with different complaints during January-August 2021. Smears prepared from blood samples were examined cytologically by the Giemsa. In addition, total blood count was done and the increased blood samples were analysed by PCR for the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. According to the PCR analysis findings of the study, it was concluded that the incidence of Mycoplasma haemofelis in Kırıkkale is 13 %.

The objective of the study is to compare the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine and thiopental sodium in sevoflurane anesthetized in goats. Seven healthy adult female goats with body weight of 35.3±3.82 kg (median±IQ). Each goat received both anesthetics in a randomized cross-over design, with at least 2 weeks intervals. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous dexmedetomidine (2 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) or thiopental sodium (19.3±3.42 mg/kg) (mean±SD) and maintained with sevoflurane for 2 hours. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and arterial blood gases were monitored. Induction of anesthesia was smooth in all goats. Mean recovery times were significantly longer in thiopental sodium group (P<0.05). Side effects were less common in dexmedetomidine-ketamine group (DKS) than thiopental sodium group (TS). Recovery was uneventful in both groups. Although the mean arterial blood pressures (MAP) were decreased in both groups (P<0.05), the prolonged decrease was recorded in DKS group. The temperature was decreased in both groups in time (P<0.05). Changes in blood oxygenation were significantly higher in DKS group at 15 and 120 minutes compared to TS group (P<0.05). Dexmedetomidine-ketamine provides better anesthesia when compare with thiopental sodium as an induction agent before sevoflorane anesthesia in goats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Enteroccoccus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from dog, as well as the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of vancomycin resistance and some virulence genes of the isolates. A total of 197 samples were analyzed, including 114 urine, 63 rectal swab and 20 vaginal swab samples. Enteroccocus spp. were isolated from 83 (42.1%) of the samples. By PCR test with species-specific primers, 42 (50.6%) isolates were identified as E. faecalis (95.2%) and E. faecium (4.8%). The highest resistance was found to erythromycin (16.66%) and tetracycline (11.9%) whereas vancomycin resistance was low (4.76%) by disc diffusion method. GelE (47.6%) and asa1 (38.1%) genes associated with the virulence were detected in the isolates, while all isolates were negative for cylA gene. As a result, E. faecalis from canine samples was isolated at higher rate than that of E. faecium, and the resistance of the isolates to β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, imipenem, and vancomycin) as well as multiple antibiotic resistance was low. The gelE gene was detected in more isolates than the asa1 gene, and all isolates were negative for cylA gene.

The aim of this study was to investigate the rumination behavior of cattle in the diagnosis of left displaced abomasum (LDA) and in the surgical correction process. In 6 cows diagnosed with LDA, surgical abomasopexy was performed via left-flank laparotomy. The cow monitoring system attached to the neck of each animal was used to monitor the rumination times. Rumination data were evaluated over a 35-day period covering the healthy period, diagnosis and treatment of LDA. In the healthy period (control group), the mean rumination time of the animals was determined as 508.74±8.52 mins. In the preoperative period, the mean rumination time was determined as 335.57±16.29 mins (-14 and -8 days) and 234.48±13.83 mins (-7 and -1 days) and a statistically significant decrease was determined compared to the healthy period (p<0.001). In the first postoperative week, the rumination time showed a significant increase (393.57±26.9 mins) and in the second postoperative week, the results were similar to those of the healthy period (501.21±17.29 mins). This is the long-term study to have evaluated the change in preoperative and postoperative (35-day period) rumination in cattle diagnosed with LDA. The results demonstrate that rumination behavior is an important marker in the early diagnosis and follow-up of the postoperative prognosis of diseases causing economic loss, such as abomasum displacement.

This present study was aimed to determine the changes of plasma testosterone in North Algerian donkeys, the correlation coefficients between T concentrations and biochemical parameters were estimated. Blood samples were withdrawn in the morning from the jugular vein into a tube containing EDTA. A total of 24 mature healthy donkeys were selected randomly under condition of free stabling period. T concentrations in male donkeys were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. AST, ALT and ALP concentration were measured according to the manufacturer recommendation. As regards the concentration of Ch and Tg, the assay was carried out using the automatic biochemical analyzer. The results indicated that T concentration values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter and autumn (2.468±0.66 ng/ml and 2.785±0.49 ng/ml, respectively) seasons than in spring and summer (0.95±0.343 ng/ml and 0.745±0.236 ng/ml, respectively) seasons. Likewise, Ch and Tg values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter and autumn seasons than in spring and summer seasons. Also, it is also noteworthy that ALT values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter and autumn seasons than in spring and summer seasons. Whereas, AST values were significantly (P<0.05) lower in summer than in winter, autumn and spring seasons. As regards ALP, values mean were practically similar in all seasons. Our finding suggests that the sexual activity probably occurs during winter and autumn in local donkeys of Northern Algeria. In addition, our results of Ch and Tg levels are correlated with season, which may be a good indication of the reproductive performance in donkeys.

Radial and ulnar fractures are common in small animals. Especially toy and miniature breed dogs are at high risk of incidence. Although there are plenty of studies on the treatment of radius and ulna fractures in small animals, studies related to the radius and ulna fractures in toy and miniature breed dogs are limited. The objective of this study was to report the diagnostic information and treatment outcome of radial and ulnar fracture treatment in toy and miniature breed dogs. Radius and ulna fractured 22 toy and miniature breed dogs were included in the study. Clinical findings, radiographic images, treatment applications, prognosis and outcomes were evaluated. As a treatment method, external coaptation in 5 extremities and surgical reduction and osteosynthesis in 17 extremities were performed. Out of 5 dogs who underwent external coaptation, 4 had good outcome and 1 had malunion. Out of 17 patients which underwent surgical treatment, 13 had a good outcome, 2 had nonunion, 1 had surgical site infection, and 1 had malunion and implant failure. As a result, original data on the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis evaluations, and surgical outcomes of radius and ulna fractures of toy and miniature breed dogs were presented. External coaptation considered could be successful in closed and undislocated radius and ulna fractures of toy and miniature breed dogs. However, the surgical approach and osteosynthesis performing are considered essential in dislocated, comminuted, complicated fractures, or open fractures. Further prospective studies are needed to compare specific surgical treatment methods.

Reducing calf deaths and diseases are important for the future and profitability of cattle herds. Early diagnosis and treatment of calf diarrhea can reduce mortality rates and eliminate the need for cattle imports. It is important to produce local molecular kits based on the colorimetric Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and to use them in the field, instead of using immunocrotographic tests with low sensitivity. With this study, four important enteric pathogens responsible for calf diarrhea (Bovine coronavirus [BCoV; formerly Betacoronavirus 1], group A Bovine rotavirus [BRV], Escherichia coli K99+ and Cryptosporidium parvum) were isolated in farm and field conditions without requiring qualified personnel and complicated devices. It is aimed to design a routine molecular kit based on the colorimetric LAMP method that can be detected in tubes in the range of 15-30 minutes. In addition, it is aimed to reveal the test kit performances by comparing the results of these LAMP PCR kits, which we will design, with in-house PCR and immunochromatographic test kits. A total of 100 calves stool samples were included (these samples were confirmed as positive for BcoV (n:25), BRV group A (n:25), Escherichia coli K99+ (n:25) and Cryptosporidium parvum (n:25) by in-house PCR). Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) isolations from Neonatal Calf stool samples were performed using the commercial isolation kit. Results from LAMP kit and rapid antigen kits were compared according to in-house PCR results. Results of this study, especially E. coli K99 diagnostic performance were found to be closer to each other, while performance differences in viral parameters such as BRV and BcoV were found to be significantly different. It was determined that the LAMP PCR method performed better than rapid antigen test. As a conclusion, It is very important for early diagnosis to use the colorimetric LAMP method, which can be detected in separate tubes in 15-30 minutes in farm and field conditions without requiring qualified personnel and complicated devices. We believe that, thanks to early and reliable diagnosis, the calf mortality rates will be greatly reduced, as the infected animals will be treated early.

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of intracameral mydriatic combinations on the pupil dilation (PD), intraocular pressure (IOP), heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). In this study 35 animals were divided into 5 groups. The first group (MSic) was phenylephrine hydrochloride (Mydfrin) and cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Sikloplejin),  the second group (TLic) was tropicamide (Tropamid) and 2% lidocaine,  the third group (BSS) was balanced salt solution. Cats were anesthetized, and all solutions were injected intracamerally. The fourth group (MSt) was phenylephrine hydrochloride (Mydfdrin) and cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Sikloplejin) and the fifth group (TLt) tropicamide (Tropamid) and 2% lidocaine were given by topically. During this research, the fastest onset of the mydriasis was numerically formed by first group. All intracameral groups were seen having longer duration of mydriasis compared to topical groups. Intraocular pressure decreased after anterior camera paracentesis in all intracameral procedures. In our study, time dependent changes of heart rate were found to be statistically significant in all groups. Our research observed that first and second group successfully created enough mydriasis (>10mm). In terms of pupil diameter, it has been proven that first and second group are usable alternatives administration, and no side effects on intraocular pressure, heart rate or mean arterial pressure.

Obstructive upper respiratory tract diseases are an important cause of poor performance in racehorses. Diagnosis of these diseases can be made easily by endoscopic examination. The aim of this study is to emphasize the frequently encountered obstructive respiratory tract diseases in the endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract in thoroughbred Arabian and British racehorses and the importance of endoscopic examination in the diagnosis of these diseases. The study material consisted of 72 horses (37 Arabian, 35 British horses) between the ages of 2-7 who had no respiratory complaints at rest, but had low racing and training performance. No pathology was detected in 32 (44.44%) of 72 horses who underwent clinical and endoscopic examination. it was detected that 19 (47.5%) palatal instability, 10 (25%) dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP), 8 (20%) pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, 2 (5%) laryngeal hemiplegia, 1 (2.5%) subepiglottic cyst of the remaining horses. As a result, it should be considered that there may be obstructive respiratory tract problems in horses that have a very good general health status at rest and show low racing and training performance. In addition, clinical examination in these horses should be supported by an upper respiratory tract endoscopic examination.