In this study 87 fish feed samples were randomly collected from feed mills and fish farming establishments from 14 provinces in Turkey to determine the occurrence of total aflatoxin (AF) and total fumonisin contamination. The quantitative analysis of total AF and total fumonisin of the samples was carried out using commercial kits. The samples were analysed by microplate reader. Total AF residues were found in 86 (98.85%) of 87 analyzed samples. The avarage value for total AF (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) in positive samples was found as 8.776±4.178 µg/kg ranged from 1.023-17.566 µg/kg, and these values were found to be less than the recommended level 20 ppb (Food Drug Administration). Total fumonisin (B1, B2, B3) residues were found in 49 (56.98%) of 86 samples analysed. The avarage value for total fumonisin in positive samples was found as 0.3028±0.2584 mg/kg ranged from 0.0107-0.9278 mg/kg. These values were below the tolerable limit of 10 ppm for fumonisin (B1, B2) announced by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Turkey. It was suggested that although mycotoxin residues were detected in the collected feeds, these values remained below the tolerable values.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the presence of florfenicol and sulfonamide residue in beef meat samples collected from slaughterhouses in Burdur province center. For this purpose, 100 g of meat samples were collected and florfenicol and sulfonamide residue analyzes were performed by ELISA. Each meat sample was also recorded for which the sample was taken from the particular animal. Florfenicol was detected in 3 of 88 samples (3.4%) at concentrations of 0.97, 1.35, 1.40 µg/kg (mean level: 1.24±0.23), and sulfonamide residues were detected in 3 of 86 samples (3.5%) at concentrations of 27.13, 34.50, 44.40 (mean level: 35.34±8.66). Concentrations of florfenicol and sulfonamide in the residues detected were found to be below the maximum allowed residue limits (200 µg/kg and 100 µg/kg, respectively). No residue were found in remaining 85 and 83 samples. Therefore, it was concluded that florfenicol and sulfonamide residues in samples were not at a level that would threaten the public health.

Veterinary specialist needs in Turkey have been provided by postgraduate education for decades. However, the official decision of a separate veterinary specialty program has been approved, and arrangements are ongoing. This study aimed to investigate the perception of supervisors (SPV) and postgraduate students (PGS) of teaching and assessing methods of veterinary surgery postgraduate programs in Turkey as well as to make suggestions on prospective veterinary surgery specialist training. Demographic information, roles in surgical procedures, teaching and assessment methods, satisfaction, predicted outcomes, and future directions were examined. The responses were analyzed statistically by intergroup and in-group comparisons. The number and rate of surveys completed were 72 (53%) for PGS and 46 (46%) for SPV. The most studied areas were orthopedics (PGS 30.3%; SPV 25.8%) and soft tissue surgery (PGS 26.9%; SPV 24.2%). The consistency and differences in the perceptions of SPV and PGS were examined with responses to surveys on teaching and assessment methods. The results revealed that although the teaching and assessment methods applied in veterinary surgery postgraduate programs of various institutions are generally consistent, they do differ in detail. This highlights the need for a nationwide practice whose standards are specifically determined by an authorized committee to gain knowledge and skills in the field of veterinary surgery.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between gender and breed factors on inter and cross sucking calves with abnormal behavior. Present field study was enrolled among 4 different farms located in Aydin Municipality, in the Aegean Region of Turkey. A total of 456 calves, with abnormal behavior characteristics, from those 4 farms, were enrolled, involving neonatal calves. The data collected during half an hour observation session were as follows: a) total suckling period and b) suckling bout attempts. Cross-sucking was frequently detected near the feeder in all 4 farms. Heavier calves were sucked more often. The milk bottle were also sucked often, but never longer than 10 seconds. Calves were frequently active in cross-sucking and it was observed that the cross-sucking calves went into the milk feeder more often for a shorter duration. Simmental calves with cross-suckling per observation time were significantly higher than that of the Holstein (p˂0.001). Number of Simmental calves was higher for cross- and inter-sucking behavior. Given the individual interpretation of 4 different farms involved in this study, cross-sucking attempts regarding gender indicated significancy for farms I (p˂0.05) and IV (p˂0.001). The present study supports a potential preliminary finding for calves with stereotypical behaviors for further studies in Turkey.

It was aimed with present study to determining the assemblages characterisation of G. duodenalis and to comparison of pathogenicity of intermittent spread agent with microscopic faecal examination and Nested PCR in cattle. Assemblages A and E were found to be major assemblage of G. duodenalis detected by targeting the amplication of β-giardin with nPCR. Furthermore, it was observed that 7/9 calves that were nPCR negative in the 1st month returned to positivity in the following months (100%), and negative microscopy and rapid test kit evaluations could be detected despite periodic nPCR positivity. In conclusion this study might be represented baseline date for following of faceal excreation period and importance of preventive treatment in cattle.

 For long and healthy life, new drugs, medical services, and care must be developed against diseases. Laboratory animals are used in pharmacology and toxicology studies. The use of laboratory animals causes serious problems such as animal welfare and cost. Cell culture, which constitutes the first step of drug development, is used to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs; however, it can cause failure due to unpredictable liver toxicity and bioavailability problems. Invertebrates are used to determine the desired effect in the early stages of drug development. Silkworm, an invertebrate, is one of the best models to represent genetic, biochemical studies due to its complex metabolism, large body, the abundance of mutants. Silkworms have been used in many studies on pathogenic microorganisms in the world. In this review, the information will be given on the use of silkworms as a pharmacological and toxicological animal model.

N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) which is a hormone synthesized primarily by the pineal gland and other tissues, affects a variety of biologic processes in organism with receptor dependent pathways and independent pathways. Both in vivo and and in vitro experiments show that the melatonin via its receptors, stimulates differentiation of immune cells and immune cell–target cell interactions. The influences of melatonin on immune system are generally associated with production of cytokines. In addition melatonin has powerful antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. The findings about the effects of melatonin on immune system are promising for therapy of immune system diseases. The present review attempts to summarize melatonin’s effects on immune system.

Despite the implication of viruses and bacteria in oncogenesis, commensal microbes play a beneficial role in anticancer therapy. Microbiota regulates responses made to various types of cancer chemotherapy by affecting the mechanism of action and toxicity of these therapies. From birth, microbiota confers innate and acquired immune responses and its role in modulating health and diseases has recently been appreciated. Increasing evidence also suggests that microbiota affects the pattern of body energy balance thus; they have a correlation with obesity, obesity-related complications and insulin resistance. Hence, microbiota has attracted the interest of researchers. However, there is little, if any, robust evidence-based review on their role in patients’ response to cancer therapy and their influence on host-biochemistry thus, this review aimed to achieve that.

Due to the ubiquitous nature of phenolics and their well-documented health benefits, they have great potentials for drug development. Thus, this review sought to add to existing literature regarding the anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial potentials of phenolic compounds mainly, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Hence, ensuring a good balance between reactive species; reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS respectively) and anti-oxidants via the consumption of diets rich in phenolic compounds is crucial for the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. Aside from that, consuming phenolics reduces one’s risk of contracting microbial-borne diseases as they possess an anti-microbial potential. Consequently, phenolic compounds are potent candidates for drug development. However, further studies should be conducted to elucidate their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial mechanisms. Also, studies should be carried to ascertain the efficacies of phenolic compounds-metal complexes in anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial.