Objective—To evaluate the ability of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to inhibit in vitro viral replication and gene expression of feline coronavirus (FCoV). Sample—Cell cultures of Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells. Procedures—5 synthetic siRNAs that each targeted a different region of the FCoV genome were tested individually and in various combinations for their antiviral effects against 2 strains of FCoV (feline infectious peritonitis virus WSU 79-1146 and feline enteric coronavirus WSU 79-1683) in cell cultures. Tested combinations targeted the FCoV leader and 3′ untranslated region, FCoV leader region and nucleocapsid gene, and FCoV leader region, 3′ untranslated region, and nucleocapsid gene. For each test condition, assessments included relative quantification of the inhibition of intracellular viral genomic RNA synthesis by means of real-time, reverse-transcription PCR analysis; flow cytometric evaluation of the reduction of viral protein expression in infected cells; and assessment of virus replication inhibition via titration of extracellular virus with a TCID50 infectivity assay. Results—The 5 siRNAs had variable inhibitory effects on FCoV when used singly. Combinations of siRNAs that targeted different regions of the viral genome resulted in more effective viral inhibition than did individual siRNAs that targeted a single gene. The tested siRNA combinations resulted in approximately 95% reduction in viral replication (based on virus titration results), compared with findings in negative control, nontargeting siRNA–treated, FCoV-infected cells. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In vitro replication of FCoV was specifically inhibited by siRNAs that targeted coding and noncoding regions of the viral genome, suggesting a potential therapeutic application of RNA interference in treatment of feline infectious peritonitis.

Canine distemper is a highly contagious disease with high incidence and lethality in the canine population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral action with ribavirin (RBV), interferon-alpha (IFNa), and combinations of RBV and IFN a against canine distemper virus (CDV). Vero cells inoculated with CDV were treated with RBV, IFNa, and combinations of these drugs. The efficacy to inhibit viral replication was evaluated by adding the compounds at different times to determine which step of the viral replicative process was affected. Both drugs were effective against CDV in vitro. The IFNa was the most active compound, with an average IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) value lower than the IC50 of the RBV. Ribavirin (RBV) was more selective than IFN a, however, and neither drug showed extracellular antiviral activity. The combination of RBV and IFN a exhibited antiviral activity for the intra- and extracellular stages of the replicative cycle of CDV, although the intracellular viral inhibition was higher. Both RBV and IFN a showed high antiviral efficacy against CDV, and furthermore, RBV 1 IFNa combinations have shown greater interference range in viral infectivity. These compounds could potentially be used to treat clinical disease associated with CDV infection.

Objective—To evaluate the effect of ambient temperature on viral replication and serum antibody titers following administration of an intranasal modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)-parainfluenza-3 (PI3) virus vaccine to beef calves housed in high– (> 32°C) and moderate– (21°C) ambient temperature environments. Animals—28 calves (mean weight, 206.8 kg). Procedures—Calves were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups (housed outdoors during high ambient temperature with [HAT; n = 10] or without [HAC; 4] vaccination or housed indoors in a moderate ambient temperature with [MAT; 10] or without [MAC; 4] vaccination). Rectal and nasal mucosal temperatures were recorded every 2 hours from 8 AM to 8 PM on days 0 (vaccination) and 1. Nasal swab specimens were obtained on days 0 through 7 for virus isolation. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, and 28 for determination of antibody titers. Results—Mean rectal temperature did not differ among the treatment groups. Mean nasal temperature for the HAT group was significantly higher than that for the MAT group at 6, 24, 30, 32, and 38 hours after vaccination. Viable IBR virus was isolated from all vaccinated calves on days 1 through 6. Two weeks after vaccination, vaccinated calves had anti-IBR antibody titers that were significantly greater than those for unvaccinated calves. Mean anti-IBR antibody titers did not differ significantly between the HAT and MAT groups. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that, following vaccination with an intranasal modified-live IBR-PI3 virus vaccine, IBR viral replication and serum antibody titers did not differ significantly between calves housed in high– and moderate–ambient temperature environments.

Over the past 20 years, major progress has been made in our understanding of critical aspects of rabies epidemiology and control. This paper presents results of recent research, highlighting methodological advances that have been applied to burden of disease studies, rabies epidemiological modelling and rabies surveillance. These results contribute new insights and understanding with regard to the epidemiology of rabies and help to counteract misperceptions that currently hamper rabies control efforts in Africa. The conclusion of these analyses is that the elimination of canine rabies in Africa is feasible, even in wildlife-rich areas, through mass vaccination of domestic dogs and without the need for indiscriminate culling to reduce dog population density. Furthermore, the research provides valuable practical insights that support the operational planning and design of dog vaccination campaigns and rabies surveillance measures.

Bacteriological examination was performed on 60 local healthy fish of fresh water include 30 Carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) and 30 Cat fish (Silurus glanis) with different weights from local retail fish markets at Mosul city, during the period from sept. 2011 - Sept. 2012. Swabs from skin and parts of muscles, livers, intestines incubated in brain heart infusion broth for 24 hours at 37 ̊ C (aerobic culture), a loopful from incubated broth were streaked on blood agar, milk agar, mannitol salt agar incubated plates at 37 ̊ C for 24 h, selected colonies were submitted to gram staining, morphological characteristics biochemical tests for Staphylococcus. The percentage of Staphylococcus isolation was 100% for all examined samples of fish. A total of 130 isolates from both two species of examined fish (62) isolates from Cyprinus carpio and (68) isolates from Silurus glanis , a five species of Staphylococcus S. saprophyticus (29% , 29.4%), S. epidermidis (21% , 22%), S. hyicus (17.75% , 17.7%), S. aureus (17.75% , 19.1), S. intermedius (14.5% , 11.8%) , were identified with different numbers and percentages for Cyprinus carpio and Silurus glanis respectively . While percentages of Staphylococcus isolates from skins (35.5% , 36.8%), muscles (17.7% , 20.6%), livers (25.8% , 25%), intestines (21% , 17.60%) from both species Cyprinus carpio and Silurus glanis respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity test result for six antibiotics (Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Polymaxin, CO-Trimaxazol , Ciprofloxacin) were variable most species of Staphylococcus isolates were resistant to Ampicillin but sensitive to Ciprofloxacin.

Dapsone (4,4-diaminodiphenylsulphon) is one of the types of sulfa drugs as an anti bacterial and is used particularly in the treatment of leprosy . The aim of present study to investigate in vivo toxic effect and find acute toxic doses ( LD50) of new dapsone Schiff base derivative compound ( 4-{[ 4(ethylideneamino)phenyl] sulfonyl} aniline, was evaluated in this study. The experiment was performed on 10-14-week old male and female albino rats ( 225± 25 g ) at the time of treatment. Its acute toxic dose being 0.58 g.

The antibacterial activity of the flavonoid compound (B3) isolated from Inula greaveolens plant by column – chromatography was determined against several of clinical microbial isolates including Gram positive: ( Streptococcus spp. Staphylococcus aureus ) and isolates of Gram negative : ( Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Esherichia coli ) by using three concentrations of the extract (125 mg /ml , 250mg /ml ,500 mg /ml ).The results revealed that the falvonoid compound B3 has varying degrees of inhibition tested microorganisms. The cytotoxic activity of the falvonoid compound (B3) was determined against the fresh human red blood celles with several concentrations of the extract and the results shown that flavonoid compound did not had toxicity against the human red blood cells.

This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. from various sources of poultry farms by using four different techniques (conventional biochemical tests, API 20E system, serology and polymerase chain reaction) the total number of isolates was 44(9%). The Salmonellae including 4 species, S. gallinarum 9(1.85%), S. typhimurium 7(1.44%), S. newport 21(4.3%) and S. ohio 1(0.21%). The highest isolation rate was in first week of chicks life 18(25.7%), however, the highest isolation rate of salmonella was from liver 13(28.8%). There are similarity in identification rate of Salmonella spp. between API 20 E system and PCR assay using flic gene. In this study using PCR amplification of rfbsg and rfbsp genes in differentiation of Salmonella serovar gallinarum into S. gallinarum and S. pullorum biovars very useful. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility revealed high resistance of isolates against seven antibiotics arranged in descending from high to low resistance (Azithromycin, Florfenicol, Trimethoprime-sulphamethaxezole, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin and Gentamycin).

The study aimed to evaluate the combination of Magnesium sulfate (Mg), ketorolac (Kr), Propofol (P), Ketamine (K), and Xylazine(X) anesthetic protocol in anesthesia and analgesia of rabbits. Twenty healthy male rabbits, weighing (1.300 0.200 kg) were used in the study. All rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups of five rabbits injected with the different protocols (G1(p10k50mg50 ), G2(p10k50kr10 ), G3(p10 k50 kr10mg50 ), and G4(p10 k50 kr10mg50x5)) of anesthesia intravenously in the marginal ear vein. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) were taken before giving the drugs (Time 0 (control reading)), and then after 5,10,15,20,30,45,60,and 75 minutes of giving anesthesia. The induction time, duration of anesthesia, degree of analgesia, muscle relaxation and recovery time were recorded also. The anesthetic protocol in G3 (p10 k50 kr10mg50) is seen suitable for short operations (gives 24.2 minutes of surgical anesthesia), and the anesthetic protocol in G4 (p10 k50 kr10mg50x5) is seen suitable for long operations (gives 43.5 minutes of surgical anesthesia), and no signs of pain with the intravenously injection of propofol.

This study was conducted at commercial poultry farm in Aboalkassib from 9/3/2013 to 9/5/2013. A total of 60 day old quail chicks were randomly distributed to four groups , 15 birds for each treatments. Treatments were (1): control group , (2) : 100 ml genistein per 1 litter of drinking water, (3): 100 ml genistein plus 10 ml vitamin E per 1 litter of drinking water , and (4): 150 ml genistein plus 10 ml vitamin E per 1 litter of drinking water . T3 caused significantly (P