The objective of this study is to elicit the destructive effect of lead on the tissues of liver and kidney of mice and if vitamin C is capable of repairing the damage caused by lead. In this study, 40 male mice were used and divided into three groups as: Control group which consists of 16 mice; 8 of them were injected intraperitoneally with (0.9 % N.S.) for 15 days daily then they were sacrificed and the remainder 8 mice were injected intraperitoneally with (0.9 % N.S.) for additional 15 days daily then they were sacrificed, First treated group (T1 group) which consists of 8 mice only; they were injected intraperitoneally with (80 mg/kg) lead acetates then with (400 mg/kg) vitamin C after one hour of lead acetates injection for 15 days daily then they were sacrificed, Second treated group(T2 group) which consists of 16 mice; they were injected intraperitoneally with (80 mg/kg) lead acetates for 15 days daily then 8 of them were sacrificed and called as (T2a) and the remainder 8 mice were injected with (400 mg/kg) vitamin C for additional 15 days daily and called as (T2b). Histologically, the kidneys of the lead acetates treated group indicated undefined epithelial cell lining and also the presence of giant-like cells. When vitamin C offered, it decreased the damage that caused by lead where the kidneys indicated the presence of cuboidal epithelial cells with disrupted epithelial cell lining, and increased intracellular space in the lumen. The livers of the lead acetates treated group indicated the presence of abnormal hepatocytes with distorted shape and undefined epithelial cell lining enlarged nucleus with vacuolations. The incidence of changes and severity were less in the vitamin C treated group. The effect of vitamin C was similar if it is offered after one hour of lead injection or for additional 15 days after lead injection. Hence acute exposure to lead causes morphological changes in the liver and kidney of mice. Hence acute exposure of lead may be toxic and is associated with various pathological conditions such as hepatic and renal dysfunction and cancers.

The study examined the effect of vitamin C on apoptotic testicular germ cells in experimentally induced cryporchidism in the male rabbits .Oral administration of vitamin C (10 mg. kg body weight)for 8 weeks to rabbits showed significant elevation in testis parameters in treated cryptorchid groups (TC), also significantly elevated the number of germ cells compared to un treated cryptorchid groups (CC).However, vitamin C caused significant depression in apoptotic germ cells and apoptotic tubules in treated cryptorchid groups (TC) compared to un treated cryptorchid groups (CC). vitamin C alleviated the deleterious effect of oxidative stress in cryporchidism

In this study we examined the effect of various sensitizing doses of infective Toxocara canis eggs and the trapping of larvae in different tissues of the murine host. The level of trapping increased with sensitization egg doses. Different doses of Toxocara canis eggs were given to ten groups each with five mice and then necropsied after different periods. Experimental toxocariasis in mice sacrificed at (1,2 and 3) weeks post infection showed no lesions in mice given 50, 75 and 100 Toxocara canis eggs respectively. Other groups given higher doses of T.canis eggs between (125-500 eggs) showed lesions in liver, lungs, eyes and muscles of sacrificed mice after 4 weeks of infection.

A study on the prevalence and monthly incidence of Cysticercus tenuicollis metacestodes of sheep were carried out in Duhok abattoir(north of Iraq) .The work was conducted during the period from October.2008- to September.2009 by weekly regular visits to the slaughterhouse. All slaughtered animals were apparently healthy, were of local breed, of both sexes originated from some areas with non –descriptive features. Visual inspection of the lesion and traditional procedure were followed.Age,sex and different locations of cysts were widely investigated in each species and then tabulated . Out of 4716 sheep examined, only 31(0.7%) of sheep had cysts, with absence of these cysts in both goats and cattle. However, the vesicles were only present in female sheep. The highest infection rate was found in sheep older than 2 years(1.7%),while the lowest was in sheep younger than one year(0.1%).The heaviest incidence was observed in Febrewery,2009(1.4%)and the lowest was in Jun and July(0.3%). The commonest locations of the cysts were in the mesentery (29%) followed by the uterus (16%) with few cases in other visceral organs.

A novel purification method of egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) based on precipitation using agar-PEG was developed. This method was compared with chloroform extraction and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation methods. The results showed the protein contents were high with chloroform method followed by agar-PEG then PEG method. The purity of resultant IgY was homogeneous with agar- PEG method followed by PEG method then chloroform extraction method. The IgY purified by agar –PEG method, obtained from hens immunized by formalin-treated S. aureus, showed a significant reduction in bacterial growth and the growth inhibition was dependent on specific-IgY concentration

The study was done to evaluate the antioxidant effects of cinnamon and vitamin C in controlling hyperglycemia and their effect on lipid profile in male rabbits in comparison with the effects of insulin therapy and control animals. Twenty four diabetic rabbits by the injection of alloxan 100 mg/kg body weight in the marginal vein of the ear. These diabetic rabbits were divided randomly into 4 groups Number of animals in each group = 6: Group 1: Was given 2 I.U/ animal of insulin subcutaneously daily. Group 2: Was given ground cinnamon orally 300 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 5 ml normal saline daily. Group 3: Was given vitamin C orally 200 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 5 ml normal saline daily. Group 4: Received orally 5 ml normal saline (0.9% Nacl) daily and considered as control group. All animal groups were treated for five weeks. Blood samples were taken from these groups weekly for biochemical analysis to estimate: Blood glucose, Lipid profile (include total cholesterol (TC), triglyglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein(VLDL) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed high glucose and lipid concentration associated with an increased oxidant stress alloxan induces on diabetic animals. The statistically analysis showed that a cinnamon and vitamin C significant (P< 0.05) reduction in glucose and lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL) in concordance with a significant elevation in HDL (P

This study was carried out to determine the effect of pregnancy on some physiological parameters in Iraqi She camels in comparative with males and females in estrus phase , sixty (60) camel blood samples were taken from AL-Najaf Slaughter house , twenty (20) blood samples for pregnant She camels , twenty (20) blood samples for females in estrus phase and twenty (20) blood samples for males to study the following parameters , Red blood cells count , hemoglobin concentration and packed cells volume and blood indices which are include mean corpuscular volume , mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration The grossly examination of ovary was used to determine the estrus phase for non – pregnant females . The electronic methods by beck man coulter were used to measure the studded parameters , The results revealed a significant decrease ( P  0.05) in blood parameters which are included RBCS count , Hb concentration and PCV% during pregnancy . Whereas no significant changes (P  0.05) in the blood indices values. There was decreased during dehydration and return to normal during rehydration , Which don’t take place in any group of this study

Despite its important role as vector for African horse sickness virus (AHSV), very little information is available on the dissemination of this virus in Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). This study reports on the applicability of a real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect AHSV in dissected midges. A total of 96 midges were fed on AHSV-infected blood, after which one test group was dissected into head/thorax and abdomen segments immediately after feeding and the other only after 10 days of incubation. The majority of the midges (96%) ingested the virus successfully and there was no significant difference between the virus concentration in the heads/thoraxes and the abdomens immediately after feeding. After incubation, virus was detected in 51% of the midges and it was confined to the abdomen in the majority of these. The fact that virus was detected only in the heads/thoraxes of four Culicoides midges after incubation suggests the presence of a mesenteronal escape barrier. Replication in the salivary glands was not shown. An increase of the mean virus concentration in the abdomen after incubation indicates localised viral replication. The real-time RT-qPCR is recommended for further studies investigating the replication and dissemination of AHSV in Culicoides midges.

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), a chronic disease of mammals caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a threat to South African wildlife. It has been reported that African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are reservoir hosts of BTB in South African wildlife populations. This study reports on the molecular identification and typing of 31 M. bovis isolates collected between 1993 and 2008, mainly from buffaloes but also from two lions and a bush pig, in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP) in KwaZulu-Natal. To study the dynamics of BTB in the buffalo populations, 28 M. bovis isolates from the HiP and epidemiologically related parks were characterised using regions of difference deletion analysis for species identification and spoligotyping, variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), polymorphic G–C-rich sequences and IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping methods. At least three distinct M. bovis genotypes were found amongst HiP samples. The combination of VNTR typing (using a 16-loci panel) and IS6110 RFLP revealed the presence of three additional genetic profiles in individual buffaloes, demonstrating that the highest level of discrimination was achieved by these typing methods. One of the observed spoligotypes (SB0130) was dominant and represented 75% of isolates from buffaloes. A novel M. bovis spoligotype (SB1474), which is reported for the first time in this study, was observed in 14.3% of isolates from buffaloes. Based on the observed genetic relationships, the findings suggest independent introductions from at least three unrelated sources. These findings improve the knowledge regarding the diversity of circulating M. bovis strains in the HiP.

Objective: To evaluate influence of electrode position on cardioversion energy (CE; energy delivered in the shock at which cardioversion was achieved) during transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) in horses with atrial fibrillation. Animals: 37 horses with atrial fibrillation (41 cardioversion events). Procedures: Records were reviewed to identify horses that underwent TVEC for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Signalment and CE were recorded. Electrode positions in the right atrium and pulmonary artery were identified on intraoperative radiographs. An orthogonal coordinate space was created, and electrode y- and z-axis coordinates and shadow lengths were determined. Trigonometric modeling was used to estimate x-axis electrode positions that resulted in observed shadows. Postmortem casts of catheterized horses were used to assess electrode paths and anatomic relationships. Model assumptions were tested by use of these and a theoretical data set. Relationships between signalment, electrode position, and CE were assessed via multivariate analysis. Results: Sex and y-axis differences between electrode positions were significant predictors of CE. Population stratification based on examination of residuals improved model strength; populations differed in z-axis variables and in CE. Decreasing distance between electrodes and pulmonary artery electrode positions ventral to the right atrium were associated with increased CE. Agreement between estimated and actual x-axis coordinates was poor. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Optimal electrode positioning can reduce the energy requirement for successful TVEC and may eventually support application of TVEC under short-term IV anesthesia and potentially increase chances of treatment response. Further investigation into these relationships is warranted.