Objective: The objective of this work was to study the normal musculotendinousstructures of the ostrich foot. Materials and methods: Ten African apparent healthy adult female ostriches (Struthiocamelus) were slaughtered, and the pelvic limbs were separated from the ankle joint. The different biomed­ical scanning techniques including radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography were achieved. Then, the ostrich feet were freshly dissected. Results: The radiographs and CT images showed the bony components of the ostrich foot that revealed the presence of long tarsometatarsus and phalanges of the only developed third and fourth toes. The third digit was the longest and possessed four phalanges, whereas the shorter fourth toe contained five phalanges. The ostrich foot consisted mainly of tendons in addition to several small associated muscles. The extensor structures were the extensor digitorum longus tendon, Mm. extensor propriusdigiti III, and extensor brevis digiti III and IV. On the other hand, the flexor structures were the flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor perforansetperforatusdigiti III, and flexor perforatusdigiti III and IV tendons. Furthermore, fibularis lon­gus tendon and two muscles (Mm. abductor digiti IV and lumbricalis) were related to the flexor tendons. Conclusion: The combination between the dissecting anatomy and the different biomedical scan­ning techniques was of value in describing the normal anatomical course of the musculotendi­nous structures of the ostrich foot, which aids in the diagnosis of any clinical abnormalities in these structures. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 242-252, June 2020

Objectives: The present work was conducted to investigate the nutritional profile of the highly consumed beef luncheon in Egypt. Besides, the potential health hazards associated with the con­sumption of luncheon were highlighted. Material and methods: A total of 60 beef luncheon samples were collected from Egyptian mar­kets. They were classified into three classes: A, B, and C based on their prices. The collected samples were examined for their chemical composition by determining moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, and energy percentage. The contents of trace elements were also investigated. Results: The obtained findings showed a comprehensive dissimilarity in the chemical composition. According to the fresh weight base, moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate fluctuated from 56.97 to 64.52, 3.50 to 16.10, 4.73 to 13.39, 3.30 to 3.51, and 11.32 to 27.44% w/w, respectively. The highest price class A Egyptian beef luncheon had more accepted nutritive value and dietary energy content. All the examined classes were low in calcium, potassium, zinc, and magnesium. The target hazard quotient indicated that the trace elements did not present any risks for con­sumers except for sodium. High phosphorous content and high phosphorus–protein ratio were observed in all categories which had a harmful health effect, hence named “new cholesterol.” Conclusion: Based on the information, this study is the leading work that deeply investigated the chemical composition of the Egyptian luncheon classes, and the obtained data could be beneficial to update the nutritional knowledge used by dietitians and the responsible for nutrition assess­ment and surveillance by the government. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 299-307, June 2020

Objective: The influence of intramammary infection (IMI) and types of bacteria was assessed on somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows’ milk with respect to breed, age, parity, stage of lactation, milk production, and mammary quarter location. Materials and methods: After recording data in a structured questionnaire, 360 samples of quar­ter milk were collected. The samples were subjected to SCC and isolation and identification of bacteria. The data were analyzed to find out the significant influence of independent factors on SCC and IMI. Results: The infected quarters had a significantly higher mean SCC (210.52 × 103 cells/ml) compared to uninfected ones (32.72 × 103 cells/ml). The mean SCC was the highest for IMI with Enterobacterspp. (338.00 × 103 cells/ml) followed by Bacillus spp. (319.20 × 103 cells/ml), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) (268.17 × 103 cells/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (218.31 × 103 cells/ ml), and Escherichia coli (200.75 × 103 cells/ml) and the lowest for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (66.33 × 103 cells/ml). Milk of rear quarters had a significantly higher SCC than the front quarters. SCC increased with increasing age, parity, and lactation stage regardless of whether cows are infected or not. The IMI was more prevalent in rear quarters (42.2%) and cows at early (≤7 days) lactation (100.0%). Cows having a parity of ≥5 and crossbred and high yielding (>5 l) cows had also a higher rate of IMI of 38.2%, 36.7%, and 38.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The IMI and type of bacteria were the principal factors for SCC variation. Besides, mammary quarter location, age, and parity should be taken into consideration during the inter­pretation of SCC. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 314-319, June 2020

Objectives: Migratory birds play a major role in the transmission of pathogens globally, but still their role in the transmission of fungi in Bangladesh is not known. The present study was carried out for the isolation and molecular detection of fungi including Aspergillus from migratory birds traveling to Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 50 fecal samples were collected from BaojaniBaor, Magura, and areas close to Jahangirnagar University, Savar. The isolation of fungus was based on culture on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), followed by staining, morphology, and molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Among 50 samples, 40 showed positive for fungal growth on PDA, of which 30 yield only yeast-like colonies, five only molds, and five yielded both yeast and molds. The isolated molds produced various pigmented colonies, namely, black, whitish, grayish, olive green, and yellow. Among 10 molds, six were confirmed as fungi by PCR using genus-specific primers such as ITS1 and ITS4. Later, of these six fungi, five were confirmed as Aspergillus by PCR with primers such as ASAP1 and ASAP2 specific for Aspergillus genus. Therefore, the overall occurrence of Aspergillus was 10% (5/50). PCR specific for Aspergillus fumigatusand Aspergillus nigerfailed to produce specific PCR amplicon, suggesting that the isolated Aspergillus belongs to other groups. Conclusion: This is the first report describing the isolation and molecular detection of Aspergillus from fecal samples of migratory birds in Bangladesh. The present findings confirm that migratory birds are potential source for Aspergillus and other fungus in Bangladesh. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 338-344, June 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the comparative larvicidal efficacy of com­mercial ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oils from India and Thailand against the Aedes aegypti mosquito to be used as a guideline for Aedes mosquito control.  Materials and Methods: The bioassay for the larvicidal activity of commercial ylang-ylang essen­tial oils in this experiment was modified from the World Health Organization standard protocols. The concentration ranges at 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, 0.125, and 0.150 ppm in each treatment were used for testing, and four replicates were used per concentration. The larval mortality was observed and recorded 24- and 48-h after exposure.  Results: The results of this study clearly revealed that commercial ylang-ylang essential oils from India and Thailand were highly toxic to the larvae of the dengue vector Ae. aegypti, and Indian ylang-ylang had an LC50 value of 0.064 ppm, whereas Thai ylang-ylang had an LC50 value of 0.042 ppm after 24-h exposure.  Conclusion: This study revealed the efficacy of commercial Indian and Thai ylang-ylang essential oils as natural vector control for the larval stage of the dengue vector Ae. aegypti. Usually, natural larvicide products are not commonly found in the market due to complex production processes. The results of this research support the use of commercial essential oils to aid in further control of Aedes mosquito larvae populations in the community. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(3): 391-396, Sep 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g433

Objectives: Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of rabies in the community are essential for developing post-exposure behavioral treatment and for understanding current prevention and control policy on rabies. This was a cross-sectional study in Gaibandha Sadar, a northern district of Bangladesh, investigating the level of KAP about rabies.  Materials and methods: A total of 368 interviewed respondents, of whom 280 (76.09%) were male, and 88 (23.91%) were female. A structured questionnaire was used for the data collection from respondents on socio-demographic information and KAP regarding rabies. The data analyzed with STATA-IC-11.0 and the association of independent variables with rabies KAP scores were cal­culated using Pearson’s Chi-square.  Results: Most respondents had adequate KAP levels and positive thoughts on rabies prevention. The KAP scores were strongly associated with education and employment status (p < 0.05). Most respondents said that stray dogs are a headache in the area and believed that control of the dog population in Gaibandha is essential.  Conclusion: These outcomes also revealed that there is an information gap about rabies that might improve by developing an education program for awareness. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(3): 414-420, Sep 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g436

Objective: This study aims at evaluating the anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, and pancreatic histo­pathological changes of Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina.  Materials and Methods: The experimental rats were divided into eight groups (n = 15 each). Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes. Daily oral administration of an aqueous extract from the leaves of R. mucronata and A. marina at 400 mg/kg BW, and a mixture of the two extracts for 6 weeks was assessed. The measurements of serum glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were carried out. Pancreatic specimens were collected from all groups and processed for pathological studies.  Results: The study revealed that the plant extracts restored the levels of diabetic markers and lipid profiles of diabetic rats, with no significant changes in non-diabetic ones. The extract of R. mucronata exhibited more promising anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects than A. marina singly or combined.  Conclusion: Leaf extracts from R. mucronata, singly or combined, and A. marina, induced a potent anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic potential in diabetic rats. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(3): 421-428, Sep 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g437

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the veracities of most admired strategy dis­criminant analysis (DA), in comparison to the artificial neural network (ANN) for the anticipation and classification of milk production level in Holstein Friesian cattle using their performances.  Materials and Methods: A total of 3,460 performance records of imported and locally born Holstein Friesian cows were gathered during the period from 2000 to 2016 to compare two alter­native techniques for predicting the level of production based on performance traits in dairy cattle with the use of statistical software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0).  Results: The findings of the comparison indicated that ANN was more impressive in the expec­tancy of milk production level than did an imitator statistical method based on DA. The accuracy of the ANN model was high for the winter season (79.5%), whereas it was 47.3% for DA. The cur­rent findings were assured via the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) for DA and ANN. AUROC curves were smaller in the condition of the DA model across different calving seasons compared with the ANN model. The inaccuracies of variations were significant at a 5% significance level utilizing paired sample t-test.  Conclusion: ANN model can be used efficiently to predict the level of production across the differ­ent calving seasons compared to the DA model. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(3): 429-435, Sep 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g438

Objective: The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of feeding pineapple waste silage (PWS) as the source of roughage replaced in Napier grass silage (NGS) on the nutrient intakes, energy status, and growth performances of growing Myanmar local cattle.  Materials and methods: Eight growing Myanmar local cattle were randomly allocated into two groups, which were adjusted for age, sex, and body weight. Treatments were control (70% NGS + 30% concentrate) and PWS (45% NGS + 25% PWS + 30% concentrate). This experiment lasted for 6 weeks, including adaptation, and feed intake, energy status, and body weight gain were measured.  Results: The higher (p < 0.05) intakes of dry matter, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrate, neutral detergent fiber and energy, and energy balance were observed in the PSW group than in the con­trol group. Although the initial and final body weights of both groups were not different (p > 0.05), the body weight gain and average daily gain were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PSW group than in the control group. Feeding PWS as a roughage source at 25% of diet improved the nutrient intake, energy balance, and body weight gain of growing Myanmar local cattle.  Conclusion: Thus, PWS could be used as the source of roughage replaced in NGS in Myanmar local cattle with the improvement of productive performances. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(3): 436-441, Sep 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g439

Objectives: This study was performed to probe the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes profiling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from the cases of pericarditis in broiler chickens.  Materials and Methods: The samples (n = 250) collected from the cases of pericarditis in broiler chickens were bacteriologically examined. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disc diffusion technique. The isolates were genotypically studied for the presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene traits. Finally, the nucleotide sequence of representative resistance gene (mexR gene) and virulence genes (toxA and lasI genes) was analyzed.  Results: P. aeruginosa was isolated from 45 samples (18%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed multidrug resistance in most of the recovered P. aeruginosa isolates, whereas colistin and imipenem were the furthermost in vitro-sensitive antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance genes, such as blaCTX, fox, and mexR, were prevalent in 100%, 80%, and 100% of the isolates, respectively. PCR confirmed virulence genes such as toxA, exoY, lasB, and lasI in 100%, 60%, 80%, and 80% of the isolates, respectively. Nucleotide sequence analysis of representative resistance gene (mexR gene) and virulence genes (toxA and lasI genes) revealed a high correlation between P. aeruginosa recovered from pericarditis in broiler chickens in the present study with PAO1 (reference strain) and with other sequences published on the GenBank representing different localities worldwide.  Conclusion: It could be concluded that P. aeruginosa recovered from pericarditis in broiler chick­ens in the current study is highly virulent bacteria, resisting most of the therapeutic agents which not only bear hazards for poultry industry but also represent a public health concern. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(3): 452-463, Sep 2020 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g441