No abstract available.

Equine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of economic losses in horse industry all over the world especially in the Arabian countries. The aim of the study is the isolation and identification of the local equine herpesvirus-1 at northern Egypt Governorates (Cairo, Dakahlyia, Qalyubia) during 2021- 2022. A total of 50 tissue organs were collected from aborted fetuses of affected mares recently after abortion. The collected samples were screened using consensus PCR for detection of equine herpesviruses (EHVs) using specific primers targeting DNA polymerase gene which revealed that 26 out of 50 samples were positive with percentage of 52%.The molecular positive samples were subjected to conventional PCR for further molecular identification and typing of EHVs using specific primers targeting glycoprotein (gB) gene which confirmed that all amplified products were for EHV-1. Attempts for isolation of EHV-1 were performed through propagation of molecular identified samples on Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line which revealed that 19 samples developed characteristic cytopathic effect in form of cell rounding and rapidly enlarging grapes like cell aggregation, and then detached of the cell, while 13 samples induced pock lesions on CAMs of SPF-ECE after inoculation for three successive passages. Serological identification of EHV-1 isolates was confirmed by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) which showed that 19 samples induced intracytoplasmic greenish yellow fluorescence. Selected EHV-1 isolate was subjected for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for demonstration of virus morphology. The obtained results confirmed that EHV-1 is the major cause of abortion among Arabian mares which disrupts breeding and showcasing events. Future considerations about management strategies together with regular and effective vaccine trials are recommended for control of EHV-1.

The use of food additives in food production is inevitable in this modern world. Although only a safe amount of food additives is approved, their safety has always been questioned. At present, artificial synthetic food additives have gradually replaced natural food additives and many problems related to food additives, involve the abuse of food additives, excessive additives, or even toxic additives. Obviously, food additives can bring people great sensory enjoyment and commercial convenience, but they may also cause potential risks to human health. So, it is of high significance to conduct quantitative analysis on the content of food additives. According to their functions and the regulatory requirements of food additives, this review started with the classification, and functions of various food additives involving preservatives, sweeteners, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, and gelling agents and the advantages and disadvantages of food additives usage.

Camel meat is an important source of red meat and essential amino acids in Egypt and other Arab countries. This study aimed at investigation of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the camel meat and offal (liver, and kidney) retailed in Zagazig city, Egypt. Besides, antibiogram of the recovered Salmonella spp. was screened. In addition, a reduction trial for Salmonella loads in the prepared camel meat ball using organic acids such as acetic and lactic acids or their combination. The obtained results revealed isolation of Salmonella spp., at 20% (12 out of 60 samples). With the highest prevalence in the liver (30%), followed by kidney (20%), and muscle (10%), respectively. Salmonella spp., that were isolated were identified serologically as S. Enteritidis (33.33%), S. Typhimurium (41.66%), S. Virchow (8.33%), and S. Apeyeme (16.66%). The recovered species showed marked multidrug resiatance with the highest resistance against erythromycin, oxacillin, clindamycin, ampicillin, and nalidixic acid. The use of acetic, lactic acids and their combination could significantly reduce Salmonella load in the camel meat samples. In conclusion, the use of organic acids, particularly a combination of acetic and lactic acids (1:1, 2%) is of a particular importance in reducing Salmonella load in the camel meat.

The lack of effective therapeutic modalities for mammary cancer is attributed to side effects and therapy resistance, necessitating the exploration of alternative treatment options. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) exhibits oncolytic activity, making it a promising candidate for cancer therapy. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the virulent NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 on the growth of mammary carcinoma. The study involved 15 white female Sprague-Dawley rats induced with mammary carcinoma. After the tumors had developed, the rats were divided into two treatment groups, i.e., treatment 0 (P0) and treatment 1 (P1), which received 500 μL of phosphate-buffered saline and 128 HAU/500 μL of NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017, respectively. The rats were euthanized on day 15 post-virotherapy. Rats were necropsied, the tumor was excised to measure its weight, percentage of tumor inhibition, and subsequently routinely processed for histopathological preparations. The tumor weights in each treatment group were 3.70±0.72 and 2.34±0.64 grams, respectively, with a tumor inhibition percentage of 36.62%. The angiogenesis, hemorrhage, and mitotic activity of P1 were lower than those of P0, while inflammatory cell infiltration and areas of necrosis appeared more prominent in the group treated with the NDV. In conclusion, the NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 shows potential as a virotherapy agent for rat mammary carcinoma models.

Vaccines against the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are broadly existing and can provide protection; nevertheless, better immunization practices are required to avoid clinical disease and limit virus circulation. This study evaluating the immunogenicity and protective efficiency of locally prepared clone 30 live-attenuated vaccine against the challenge impact of virulent NDV genotype IV and genotype VIId prevalent in Egypt in comparison with the commercially prepared live Lasota vaccine as a positive control group. The efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated based on the antibody titer, protection rate, oropharyngeal, and cloacal shedding. Therefore, 150 one day old specific pathogen free chicks (SPF) were divided in to three groups 50 bird per group (G).G1and G2 received 100 µl containing 6 log 10 EID50 via the oculo-nasal route of clone 30 vaccine and lasota vaccine in order, while G3 (un vaccinated) received sterile saline at the same route and dose. On day 21 post vaccination (pv) 40 bird from each group were challenged with a dose of 6.5 log10/ml EID50 intramuscular per bird for both genotype IV and genotype VIId (20 bird /genotype virus),the other 10 birds left from each group were kept separate for antibody level monitoring for the 6th  week pv. Results revealed that, during vaccine preparation, the clone 30 virus showed a high virus titer when propagated in SPF embryonating chicken eggs (SPF-ECEs), which reached 1012/EID50/ml. The protection rate due to the clone 30 vaccine and the lasota vaccine was alike and showed 75% and 70% against challenge with genotype IV and genotype VIId, respectively, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the antibody titer produced by the clone 30 vaccinated group and lasota group. Both the clone 30 and lasota vaccines showed nearly similar levels of oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding. The results clarify that, although there were no detected differences between the immune response and the protective efficacy of clone 30 vaccine and lasota vaccine but, the use of clone 30 vaccine is still advantageous for its superior immunogenicity and low post-vaccinal reaction, which will make the clone 30 vaccine suggestive for primary immunization, especially in immunologically naive birds. In conclusion, the prepared Clone 30 vaccine in the current study is safe for chicks and can be used as an effective vaccine against the circulating NDV.

Fasciolosis is a disease caused by the genus Fasciola which attacks wild animals, livestock and humans. Molecular characterization of Fasciola sp. important for identifying the species Fasciola sp. The aim of this research was to analyze the characteristics of the worm Fasciola sp. molecularly on samples of cattle slaughtered at the Kediri City Slaughterhouse Regional Technical Implementation Unit. This research was carried out from January to February 2023. The samples were adult worms Fasciola sp. taken from one beef cattle and one dairy cattle. The PCR used is conventional PCR with primers from mitochondrial DNA genes. PCR products are passed to the sequencing stage. The PCR test results read on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the PCR product had high specificity, namely forming a single band at position 752 bp showed positive for F. gigantica. the results of the phylogenetic tree of Fasciola sp. with data in GenBank showing Fasciola sp. beef and dairy cattle isolates in Kediri City are closely related to Fasciola sp. dairy cattle isolate from China with Accession Number KF543343.1 and Fasciola sp. long-haired cattle (yak) isolate from China Accession Number MH621335.1. The existence of international livestock trade can result in the introduction of various diseases, one of which is Fasciolosis. Livestock import-export activities from China allow the introduction of Fasciola sp. to Indonesia.

The experimental protocol aimed to assess the influence of nucleotides and/or β-glucan on the production performance, growth-related gene expression in the broiler chickens’ liver tissue, intestinal histomorphology, and some biochemical parameters. One hundred forty-four newly hatched chicks were categorized into four groups based on the supplements: a control group, a group supplemented with nucleotides (200 mg/kg diet), a group with β-glucan (1 g/kg diet), and a group with both nucleotides and β-glucan. The study's findings showed that, when compared to the control group, all dietary supplemented groups showed a substantial (P < 0.05) improvement in production parameters without having a negative impact on the general health of broilers. Additionally, the treatments positively impacted the expression of some genes associated with growth performance in the broiler chickens’ liver tissue, such as the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone receptor (GHR). The supplemented groups also demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in intestinal histomorphology, characterized by increased villi length, crypt depth, and goblet cell number. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of nucleotides and/or β-glucan led to a significant (P < 0.05) elevation in total protein and albumin levels, with no significant effect on globulin, AST, and ALT. The conclusion can be drawn that adding nucleotides along with β-glucan to the diet led to enhancements in growth performance, the expression of genes related to growth (GHR and IGF-1), intestinal histomorphology, and certain biochemical parameters (specifically total protein and albumin).

Aflatoxins are one of the most dangerous toxic residues in various foods including poultry. This study was conducted to assess the reducing effect of gamma radiation on the levels of aflatoxin B1 in poultry meat, skin, and liver. To this end, a total of 80 poultry samples including meat, skin, and liver were surveyed for the incidence of aflatoxins, where only positive samples (27 samples of muscle, skin, and liver; 9 samples each) were selected for testing the effect of treatment by gamma radiation. The levels of aflatoxins were estimated in the examined samples using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) whereas positive samples were exposed to 0 kGy, 5 kGy, or 10 kGy, and the differences in aflatoxin contents before and after exposure were calculated. The obtained results clarified that radiation achieved reduction rates in aflatoxin B1 level in muscle samples with a mean value 99.259±0.741, and 100.00±0.00% when treated with 5 kGy and 10 kGy, respectively. Whereas in skin samples, 98.676±1.324 and 100.00±0.00 % when treated 5 kGy and 10 kGy, respectively. While in liver samples, reduction rates accounted for 84.312±7.406 and 88.249±10.882 were obtained when treated with 5 kGy and 10 kGy, respectively. In conclusion, the exposure of poultry meat, skin, and liver to gamma radiation (5kGy or 10 kGy) has a significant reducing effect (p<0.05) in aflatoxins B1. The results were discussed from the hygienic point of view and compared with the national and international standards to assess their reliability for consumption.

The microanatomy of the donkey eye is important to understand because pathological disorders affecting them are relatively common. The current study aimed to document the cellular components of donkey's retinae using light and electron microscopic studies. Ten donkey retinae were dissected and processed for semi-thin sections and electron microscopic studies. The photoreceptor layer was made up of the outer and inner segments of rods and cones. The outer segments were filled with invaginations of cell membranes that form stacks of membranous disks. Shed discs of photoreceptor outer segments could be seen in the photoreceptor layer as well as near the Müller cells. The inner segments of cones were conical in shape, while those of rods were slim rod-shaped. Both were filled with long thin mitochondria and free ribosomes. Three rows of photoreceptor cell nuclei made up the outer nuclear layer. The rod nuclei had more electron-dense chromatin than those of the cones. There were two rows of cell nuclei in the inner nuclear layer that represent the following four cell classes: horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and Müller cells. Bipolar cells constitute the bulk of the inner nuclear layer. They were elongated in shape and had thick branched dendrites. Amacrine cells were in the inner face of the INL. It could be observed within IPL and known as displaced amacrine cells. Muller glial cells were irregular elongated in shape with many cytoplasmic processes. They were distributed in the INL among the bipolar cells. Müller cells were observed in the inner plexiform layer, the ganglion cell layer, and the nerve fiber layer.  In conclusion, this study characterized the detailed cytological organization and ultrastructure of the healthy donkey retina. which maintains the fundamental laminar architecture characteristic of other mammalian retinas, and consists of 10 distinguishable layers. When compared to previously described retinal morphologies in domestic species, some distinctive characters were observed in donkey retinal cells.