N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) which is a hormone synthesized primarily by the pineal gland and other tissues, affects a variety of biologic processes in organism with receptor dependent pathways and independent pathways. Both in vivo and and in vitro experiments show that the melatonin via its receptors, stimulates differentiation of immune cells and immune cell–target cell interactions. The influences of melatonin on immune system are generally associated with production of cytokines. In addition melatonin has powerful antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. The findings about the effects of melatonin on immune system are promising for therapy of immune system diseases. The present review attempts to summarize melatonin’s effects on immune system.

Despite the implication of viruses and bacteria in oncogenesis, commensal microbes play a beneficial role in anticancer therapy. Microbiota regulates responses made to various types of cancer chemotherapy by affecting the mechanism of action and toxicity of these therapies. From birth, microbiota confers innate and acquired immune responses and its role in modulating health and diseases has recently been appreciated. Increasing evidence also suggests that microbiota affects the pattern of body energy balance thus; they have a correlation with obesity, obesity-related complications and insulin resistance. Hence, microbiota has attracted the interest of researchers. However, there is little, if any, robust evidence-based review on their role in patients’ response to cancer therapy and their influence on host-biochemistry thus, this review aimed to achieve that.

Due to the ubiquitous nature of phenolics and their well-documented health benefits, they have great potentials for drug development. Thus, this review sought to add to existing literature regarding the anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial potentials of phenolic compounds mainly, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Hence, ensuring a good balance between reactive species; reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS respectively) and anti-oxidants via the consumption of diets rich in phenolic compounds is crucial for the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. Aside from that, consuming phenolics reduces one’s risk of contracting microbial-borne diseases as they possess an anti-microbial potential. Consequently, phenolic compounds are potent candidates for drug development. However, further studies should be conducted to elucidate their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial mechanisms. Also, studies should be carried to ascertain the efficacies of phenolic compounds-metal complexes in anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial.

Bu çalışmada, klinik yöneticisi kadın veteriner hekimlerin cinsiyete dayalı olarak karşılaştıkları zorluk ve avantajların ortaya çıkarılması ve deontolojik / etik yaklaşımlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan anket sonuçlarında, kadın veteriner hekimlerin% 90,8'inin işini tatmin ederek yaptığı; Katılımcıların% 33,8'i kadın veteriner olmanın avantajlı yönleri olduğunu düşünürken, dezavantajlarının daha fazla olduğunu düşünenlerin oranı% 66,2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kadın veteriner hekimlerle yapılan görüşmelerde katılımcıların% 58,2'sinin veteriner istihdamında seçimin tamamen erkekler lehine yapıldığını düşündüğü,% 18,2'sinin ise kısmi olduğu belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca meslektaşların uygulama sırasında etik ve deontolojik ilkelere uygun davrandıkları tespit edilmiştir. tamamen katılımcıların% 47,3'üne ve kısmen katılımcıların% 28,2'sine göre. Sonuç olarak, çeşitli mesleklerden kadın işçilerin karşılaştıkları sorunlar arasında benzerliklerin tespit edilmesine katkı sağlamayı amaçlayan bu araştırma, yönetici sahibi kadın veteriner hekimlerin cinsiyete dayalı bir yaklaşımla farklı oranlarda karşı karşıya olduğunu tespit etmektedir.

This study was conducted to compare the sedative and cardiovascular effects of alfaxalone and medetomidine in cats. In the study, 18 owned cats brought for X-ray, ultrasound, dental examination, ear diseases examination, and bandage change were used. The cats were randomly divided into two groups; 4 mg/kg alfaxalone was intravenously administered to one group and 0.08 mg/kg medetomidine to the other group. After the application, movement changes and sedation conditions were recorded. Sedation score, analgesia score, heart rate, respiratory rate, and side effects were also recorded. The sedation score was higher and the duration of sedation was longer in the medetomidine group, and the differences were statistically significant. As a result, it was concluded that alfaxalone and medetomidine have clinically similar sedative and analgesic efficacy, medetomidine should be preferred in applications requiring prolonged sedation in cats, and alfaxalone is more reliable in animals with cardiovascular problems.

This retrospective study was conducted to elucidate reproductive parameters oh heifers. The age of insemination resulted with pregnancy (AIRP), the number of inseminations per pregnancy (NIPP), length of the gestation period (LGP), age at first calving (AFC), maternal body weight at the first calving (BWFC), and bodyweight of calves at parturition (BWCP) data were compiled from 179 heifers (Holstein, n = 32; Simmental, n = 147), which were born between June 22, 2013 and October 31, 2019 and raised under the same managerial program in a private farm. The data were subjected to 2-way ANOVA and regression analysis. The AIRP was longer in Simmental heifers than Holstein heifers (515 ± 5 d vs. 482 ± 7 d; P<0.01) while NIPP values were similar (1.99 ± 0.10 vs. 2.06 ± 0.10, P>0.05). Likewise, the AFC was 39 d shorter for Holstein heifers than that for Simmental heifers (753 ± 7 d vs. 796 ± 5 d, P<0.001). The LGP was shorter in Holstein heifers than Simmental heifers (271 ± 1 d vs. 280 ± 1 d; P<0.0001). However, the BWFC (576 ± 10 kg vs. 585 ± 5 kg) and BWCP (39.0 ± 0.8 kg vs. 40.7 ± 0.5) were not different. The sire, calf sex, and maternal weight accounted for 83.1% (P<0.01), 9.3% (P<0.05), and 7.6% (P>0.05) of variations in the BWCP. The linear models describing relationships were 1) LPG (d) = 0.46∙BWCP (kg) + 260.4, R² = 0.12 (P<0.0001), 2) AFC (d) = 28.05∙NIPP + 731.36, R² = 0.35, (P<0.0001), and 3) BWFC (kg) = 0.32∙AFC (d) + 328.47, R² = 0.11 (P<0.0001). In conclusion, reproductive management covering accurate observation for estrus sign, inseminated by experienced inseminator, checked for pregnancy status as early as possible is crucial to improve life-time productivity. Sire selection should be considered for minimizing dystocia incidence.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of an excessive tibial plateau angle (TPA) and change in compressive load on tensile forces experienced by the cranial cruciate, medial collateral, and lateral collateral ligaments (CCL, MCL, and LCL, respectively) of canine stifle joints. SAMPLE 16 cadaveric stifle joints from 16 orthopedically normal Beagles. PROCEDURES Stifle joints were categorized into unchanged (mean TPA, 30.4°) and excessive (mean TPA before and after modification, 31.2° and 41.1°, respectively) TPA groups. The excessive TPA group underwent a TPA-increasing procedure (curvilinear osteotomy of the proximal aspect of the tibia) to achieve the desired TPA. A robotic system was used to apply a 30- and 60-N compressive load to specimens. The craniomedial band of the CCL, caudolateral band of the CCL, MCL, and LCL were sequentially transected; load application was repeated after each transection. Orthogonal force components were measured in situ. Forces on ligaments were calculated after repeated output force measurements as the contribution of each component was eliminated. RESULTS Increasing the compressive load increased tensile forces on the craniomedial and caudolateral bands of the CCL, but not on the MCL or LCL, in specimens of both groups. At the 60-N load, tensile force on the craniomedial band, but not other ligaments, was greater for the excessive TPA group than for the unchanged TPA group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that stress on the CCL may increase when the compressive load increases. The TPA-increasing procedure resulted in increased tensile force on the CCL at a 60-N compressive load without affecting forces on the MCL or LCL.

Eggs are important to the diet of Canadians. This product is one of the supply-managed commodities in Canada, but unlike other commodities, where food safety risks are extensively explored and reported, information on the prevalence of enteric organisms (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacter) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in layers in Canada are limited. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of select bacteria and the associated AMR patterns in layer flocks using 2 sample matrices. Farms were located within FoodNet Canada and the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance sentinel sites (SS). Fecal samples (Ontario: ONSS1a, ONSS1b) and environmental sponge swabs (British Columbia: BC(SS2a)) were collected. Salmonella prevalence was 29% and 8% in ONSS1a and ONSS1b, respectively, and 7% in BC(SS2a). S. Kentucky and S. Livingstone were the most frequently isolated serovars and no S. Enteritidis was detected. Campylobacter was not detected in the BC sponge swabs but was isolated from 89% and 53% of Ontario fecal samples (ON(SS1a) and ON(SS1b), respectively). Seven C. jejuni from Ontario were ciprofloxacin-resistant. Escherichia coli prevalence was high in both sample types (98%). Overall, tetracycline resistance among E. coli ranged from 26% to 69%. Resistance to ceftiofur (n = 2 isolates) and gentamicin (n = 2) was relatively low. There were diverse resistance patterns (excludes susceptible isolates) observed among E. coli in Ontario (10 patterns) and British Columbia (14 patterns). This study revealed that fecal samples are more informative for farm-level monitoring of pathogen and AMR prevalence. Without further validation, sponge swabs are limited in their utility for Campylobacter detection and thus, for public health surveillance.

The aim of the present study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota of anal sacs in healthy dogs using NGS. Swabs were used to sample the rectum and secretions from each anal sac in 15 healthy dogs. DNA was extracted from swabs and the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced with Illumina MiSeq. Overall, 14 different bacterial phyla were identified in the rectum and in both anal sacs, the 5 main ones being Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria. The rectum had higher microbial diversity and richness than the left and right anal sacs. Community membership and structure significantly differed between the rectum and both anal sacs, but not between the right and the left anal sacs. This study showed that the diversity and richness of the bacterial microbiota of the anal sacs in dogs is greater than what has been reported in previous studies with culture-based methods. In conclusion, the bacterial microbiota of the anal sacs in dogs varies between individuals and differs from the rectal bacterial microbiota.

Chronic cholangiohepatitis (CCH) is a common pathological condition in cats with a guarded prognosis and unknown etiology. Recently, in human medicine, there has been increased interest in enhancing liver defense mechanisms as an effective treatment strategy to control liver diseases that have a poor prognosis. Metallothionein (MT) is a ubiquitous protein, which has been widely researched for its role in liver defense through heavy metal detoxification, neutralization of reactive oxygen species, and liver regeneration. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the role of MT in CCH and hepatocellular regeneration in 34 cats histologically diagnosed with this condition by assessing the correlation between hepatocellular MT and Ki-67 (marker for cellular proliferation) expression with histological parameters of CCH, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and bile duct proliferation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Spearman-rank correlation test. A significant positive correlation was observed between inflammation and the number of MT-positive hepatocytes (r = 0.36, P = 0.03) and MT labelling intensity (r = 0.37, P = 0.03). In 16 of 34 cases (47%) MT labelling intensity was noted to be pronounced towards the centrilobular zone and very weak or absent towards the portal zone. The results suggest that MT is induced in the liver during chronic inflammatory conditions, which could be speculated as a host defensive mechanism to protect the liver from inflammation-mediated liver injury. Therapeutic interventions utilizing MT, therefore, may have a positive effect on cats with chronic cholangiohepatitis.