The study found out the chemical and microbial quality of various milk samples collected from different sources of milk procured from rural areas of Tirupati. Thefat, SNF and protein percentages of milk samples collected from Dairy Experimental Station were higher than the other milk samples collected from commercial dairies of Sangam, Balaji and Heritage and local vendors. The milk samples collected from local vendors showed lower fat, SNF and protein percentages. No significant difference was observed in the milk samples collected from commercial dairies of Sangam, Balaji and Heritage with regard to fat, SNF and protein percentages. None of the milk samples collected from Dairy Experimental Station were found to be adulterated with water, whereas higher percentage of water was observed in the milk samples of local vendors. The Standard Plate Count of milk from local vendors is higher followed by Dairy Experimental Station. Presence of E.coli organisms in the milk samples collected from local vendors and Dairy Experimental Station indicated the extraneous contamination and unhygienic conditions of milking barn.

A total of 128 faecal samples of dogs suspected for canine parvovirus infection were examined by Haemagglutination (HA) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. The prevalence of canine parvovirus infection was 45.30% (58/128) and the age wise maximum (70.20%) prevalence was found in dogs upto 6 month. The breed wise maximum (56.90%) prevalence was in Non-descript dogs and sex wise prevalence revealed no significant difference in male (45.9%) and female (43.3%).

Effect of strain (Khaki Campbell, Indigenous) and age (224 and 280 days) of ducks on the physical egg quality and presence of off-flavour in eggs was studied. The average of egg weight, yolk index and percent yolk weight for the two ages under study were significantly (P0.05) higher in Indigenous duck eggs whereas the same average value for albumen index, Haugh Unit score and percent albumen were higher in Khaki Campbell eggs. However, shape index, yolk colour score, shell thickness and percent shell weight of eggs were comparable for the two strains. Age of ducks had an insignificant influence on shape index, albumen height, shell thickness and yolk index as evident from the least difference between average values of two strains under study. But, the average values of the two strains under study were significantly affected by age for A.I., H.U. score, % albumen weight, % shell weight and % yolk weight. Presence of off-flavour was more pronounced in Khaki Campbell eggs than that of indigenous eggs.

Thirty five human sputum collected from TB hospital Bareilly were investigated for Mycobacteria based on direct microscopy, culture and by multiplex peR targeting 12.7 kb fragment and IS 611O. DNA was isolated directly forms putums amples. Outof35 samples,25 were smear positive and 18 yielded culture and 16 were positive by the multiplex PeR. 10 samples were negative on smear mircoscopy, culture and PCR.

The donkey population has remained unchanged in the last two decades despite a decrease in the overall population of equids, emphasizing the usefulness of the donkey as a draught and pack animal. Piroplasmosis in donkeys, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, has been recognized as a serious problem of major economic importance as the affected animals manifest decreased working capacity, loss of appetite, etc. In tropical countries, T. equi infections are more wide-spread and pathogenic than those caused by B. caballi. Donkeys usually remain asymptomatic carriers with positive antibody titres throughout life. Transmission of infection occurs from animal to animal through ticks such as Hyalomma spp. Rhipicephalus spp. and Dermacentor spp. The clinical form of the disease is diagnosed by peripheral blood smear examination, but in carrier donkeys it is very difficult to demonstrate the parasite in stained blood smears as the parasitaemia is extremely low. For diagnosis of such low grade infection or carrier animals, serological tests and DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques, which are discussed in the present review, have become mandatory. Currently, there is no suitable pharmacotherapy available to clear the T. equi infection from affected donkeys, though some new drugs and drug combinations used against this disease condition have been discussed. In the present situation, there is an urgent need for international cooperation and coordination for development of sensitive molecular diagnostic tools and effective pharmacotherapies for curtailment of the disease condition. Hence, it is imperative to develop and exchange reagents and technology developed through human resource sharing in the interest of sustainability of donkey husbandry.

Rabies virus (RV) is highly neurotropic and migrates to the neuronal soma by retrograde axonal transport from nerve terminals, after which it is taken by anterograde axonal transport to be finally released into the central nervous system (CNS) from which it disseminates, resulting in lethal encephalitis. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are crucial in the initial events of the infection by RV since they can act as a gate for the viral entrance into the CNS. In the present study, we examined cell tropism of RV and the roles of neuronal cytoskeletal components in the production of viral nucleoprotein (N protein) using cultured nerve cells and non-neuronal cells from DRG of newborn mice. Our in vitro study demonstrated a low propagation rate of RV in nerve cells, susceptibility of non-neuronal cells to RV, and independence of cytoplasmic synthesis of viral N protein from the neuronal cytoskeleton. The present study also suggests that Schwann cells should be considered as another possible candidate supporting RV propagation.

Test vaccines comprised of inactivated water-in-oil emulsions containing various antigen levels were prepared using a non-pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (AI) virus, A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/04 (H5N1). The potencies of these test vaccines were evaluated by two experiments. In the first experiment, the triangular relationship among the antigen levels of test vaccines, the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody response, and the protective effect against challenge with a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1), was confirmed. Then lasting immunity of chickens after a single-shot vaccination was confirmed in the second experiment. As a result, complete protection after the challenge was observed in chickens immunized by test vaccines with an antigen level of 160 HA units/dose or higher. Thus, it was ascertained that the minimum antigen level in the AI vaccine was 160 HA units/dose, and the minimum HI antibody titer that could protect chickens from HPAI virus infection-related death was considered to be 1:16. Dose-dependent HI antibody responses were observed in chickens after the vaccination. Thus, 640 HA units/dose were thought to be similar to the optimal antigen level. Alternatively, the HI antibody titers of chickens, injected with the vaccine containing 640 HA units/dose, were maintained at 1:181 or higher for 100 weeks after the single-shot vaccination.

Aiming to assess the influence of physiological puerperium and postpuerperal phase on the lipid profile of health cows 104 blood samples were collected by coccygeal vein puncture of Holstein cows raised in the State of São Paulo. Lipid profile assessment was measured by serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, âhydroxybutyrate and plasma glucose level. With regard to puerperium and post-puerperal phase influence on the lipid profile, gradual increase of serum cholesterol level and decrease of nonesterified fatty acids were observed with puerperal evolution. The values of cholesterol and nonsterified fatty acids were stabilized during post-puerperal phase (greater than 45 day postparturm). | Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do puerpério fisiológico e da fase pós-puerperal no lipidograma de vacas sadias foram colhidas 104 amostras de sangue por punção da veia coccígea de fêmeas da raça Holandesa criadas no Estado de São Paulo. O lipidograma foi avaliado pela determinação dos teores séricos de colesterol, triglicérides, ácidos graxos não esterificados, beta-hidroxibutirato, e teores plasmáticos de glicose. Observou-se que os teores séricos de colesterol aumentaram gradativamente, enquanto os teores de ácidos graxos não esterificados diminuíram gradativamente com a evolução do puerpério. Na fase pós-puerperal (mais de 45 dias pós-parto) ocorreu a estabilização dos valores de colesterol e de ácidos graxos não esterificados.

The intimal layer of the thoracic and abdominal aortic segments of Cebus apella monkey presented an evident inner elastic lamina. The medial layer of the thoracic aorta segment showed a basic lamellar elastic pattern having a medium average of 23.12 lamellae per analyzed cut sections, which appeared disposed circular and oblique relatively to the aortic lumen. The aortic adventitial layer, at this level, was formed mainly by collagen fibers, irregularly disposed between elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells. The aortic abdominal portion, in this monkey, at the suprarenal level presented a medium number of 19.12 elastic lamellae which showed a relatively disorganized and broken up pattern. At the infrarenal level the aortic medium layer showed a medium average of 11.75 elastic lamellae and next to the emission of the internal iliac arteries it was found only a middle average of 8.37 elastic lamellae intermingled with smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers whose concentration seemed to be increased next to the adventitial layer. The external elastic lamina was only present in the more distal aortic segment near to the emission of the internal iliac arteries. | O segmento torácico da aorta em macaco prego apresentou na túnica íntima uma lâmina elástica interna evidente, estando também presente em todos os segmentos aórticos abdominais analisados nesta espécie. A túnica média aórtica, ao nível torácico, mostrou uma quantidade média de 23,12 lâminas elásticas, tendo disposição circular e oblíqua em relação à luz vascular, e a túnica adventícia apareceu formada por fibras colágenas, dispostas irregularmente entre uma quantidade relativamente menor de fibras elásticas e de fibras musculares lisas. A túnica média do segmento abdominal aórtico, neste primata, observada ao nível supra-renal, apresentou em média 19,12 lâminas elásticas que apareceram relativamente desorganizadas e fragmentadas. Ao nível aórtico infra-renal, foram evidenciadas, na túnica média 11,75 lâminas elásticas, em média, e próximo da emissão das artérias ilíacas comuns a túnica média aórtica tinha cerca de 8,37 lâminas elásticas, as quais estavam entremeadas por fibras musculares lisas e por fibras colágenas que aparentavam aumentar a sua concentração próximo à adventícia. A lâmina elástica externa só foi visível no segmento abdominal aórtico mais distal, ou seja, próximo da emissão das artérias ilíacas comuns.

The growing interest in the use of coronary arteries of goats in researches to posterior application in human hearts justifying the more detailed anatomical knowledge of this arteries mainly to evaluate their similarities and differences with the human arterial pattern. However, we not found anatomical studies on indicators of coronary dominance in goats. In the literature, we found only the definition of three kinds of pattern in human hearts: right dominance, balanced and left dominance. To this work we used 31 goats hearts, of both sexes and fixed and conserved in formalin at 10%. The branches of coronary arteries were dissected with special attention to the levels considered as references. The branch present in the interventricular subsinuosis sulcus had origin in the circumflex branch that is a branch of the left coronary artery. The interventricular subsinuosis branch presented at least a little branch that exceeded the crux cordis. The region of the apex presented predominance of the left coronary artery branches: interventricular paraconalis and interventricular subsinuosis. The left coronary artery, through their branches, also dominated in total length and the issue to ventricular branches including for the right ventricle. Using references to various criteria including, those proposed for this research, we find that in goats hearts the arterial pattern is left dominance. The diversity in relation to the arterial pattern between goats and humans requires that in the experiments performed in the coronary goats, this important difference is observed. | O interesse crescente em se utilizar artérias coronárias de caprinos em experiências como uma etapa para sua aplicação em coronárias humanas justifica o conhecimento anatômico mais detalhado dessas artérias principalmente para se avaliar as semelhanças e as diferenças. Em corações humanos utilizando-se a crux cordis e a procedência do ramo interventricular posterior como referências consideram-se três tipos de padrões: dominância direita, balanceada e dominância esquerda. No entanto, não encontramos citações na literatura sobre os indicadores anatômicos de dominância coronária em caprinos. Material e método: Utilizamos 31 corações de caprinos de ambos os sexos, fixados em formalina a 10%. Os ramos das artérias coronárias eram dissecados com especial atenção para os níveis considerados como referências. O ramo presente no interior do sulco interventricular subsinuoso procedia do ramo circunflexo, ramo da artéria coronária esquerda. O ramo interventricular subsinuoso apresentou pelo menos um pequeno ramo que ultrapassava a crux cordis. A região do ápice apresentou predominância dos ramos da artéria coronária esquerda: interventricular paraconal e interventricular subsinuoso. A artéria coronária esquerda, através de seus ramos, também predominou no comprimento total e na emissão de ramos ventriculares inclusive para o ventrículo direito. Utilizando como referências os diversos critérios inclusive, os propostos por esta pesquisa, concluímos que em corações de caprinos o padrão arterial é dominância esquerda. A diversidade em relação ao padrão arterial entre caprinos e humanos requer que nas experiências efetuadas, em coronárias de caprinos, essa importante diferença seja observada.