The activity of the cellulase enzyme and the content of phytoestrogen (genistein) forming is determined during the fermentation of soybean waste with Aspergullus niger. The analysis is performed at fermentation incubation time of 0, 48, 96, 144 and 192 hours and treatment with addition of micro nutrient (V2) and without micro nutrient (V1). Data analysis on cellulase enzyme activity on phytoestrogen forming material is performed using T test. The average of cellulase content of fermented soybean waste increases from 0.032-0.139 IU / ml (V1) and 0.061-0.158 IU / ml (V2) after 48 hours into 0.238 IU / ml (V1) and 0.245 IU / ml (V2) after 192 hours The average of genestein levels in the fermented soybean waste increases as well from 0.101 - 0.573 mg / g (V1) and 0.114 - 0.587 mg / g (V2) after 48 hours and increase into 0.722 mg / g (V1) and 0.699 mg / g (V2) after 192 hours. Statistical analysis indicates that the treatment of V1 and V2 has an effect on the increase of cellulase enzyme content and genistein level (P 0.05). The correlation between enzyme activity of cellulase and genistein on soybean waste fermented with Aspergillus niger is significant (R2 = 0,949). The relationship between the enzyme performance and its formation material is running synergistic, cellulase enzyme activity and genistein level experience significant increase during the fermentation process.

The purpose of this research was to identify the relationship of characteristic and knowledge of farmers to the successful of artificial insemination (AI) in Aceh Besar Districts. The number of respondents is 93 people from twenty three districts in Aceh Besar, selected purposively as the sample of this research. The instruments used in this research are questionnaire and direct observation in the field, while the observed variables are: farmer characteristics, farmer knowledge and artificial insemination result. The results of this research revealed that the characteristics and knowledge of the farmers were good and showed a real relationship to the successfulness of AI in Aceh Besar Districts. The average service per conception (S / C) in Aceh Besar Districts during 2017 was 1.32 while the conception rate (CR) was 86.36%. The results were in accordance with the standard of general guidance of Upsus Siwab Year 2017.

This study aims to Determine the success rate of the Artificial Insemination in North Kayong Regency of West Kalimantan Province roomates has been done by IB officers. Artificial insemination is the process of introduction or delivery of cement into the genitals of female cows by means of made devices. North Kayong districts Regency is one of the which is administratively established Republic of Indonesia based on Law no. 6 of 2007 is an area that is developing cattle. The location that Became the focus of the evaluation of the success of Artificial Insemination is in three districts of Maya Island district, Sukadana and Seponti. Data used in this research is secondary Data Obtained from inseminator. The parameters used in this evaluation are the Non Return Rate (NRR), Service per Conception (S / C) and Calving Rate (CvR). The results Showed that the average of the three sub-districts in North Kayong district was for the highest 90% NRR in Sukadana district and the Lowest score of 67% in the Mayan Island district. S / C Obtained the highest number of 3.4 in Maya Island district and the Lowest S / C number district of Seponti 1.8. The highest score was 92% CvR in Sukadana district and the cancel CvR score was 64% in the Mayan Island district. The Conclusions Obtained based on the value of NRR, S / C, and CvR on artificial insemination evaluation with the best artificial insemination implementation are Sukadana district, followed by district of Seponti and last is Maya Island district.

Vaginal discharges are commonly seen in the pediatric population, approximately more than 50% of all pediatric genital complaints. Normal vaginal secretion is usually thin, and clear to white with a variable amount, while malodorous, abnormal consistency of vaginal discharge accompanied by blood, pain, pruritus, or dysuria is usually pathologic. Many factors can cause vaginal discharge such as anatomy of genital area that more susceptible to inflammation and infection, numerous organisms that including those associated with the sexually transmitted diseases or child sexual abuse, also mechanical and chemical substances, as well as poor hygiene. Recurrent vaginal discharge can be very distressing to children, especially if associated with discomfort and the most common cause is vulvovaginitis. The management of vaginal discharge is based on underlying causes, either by initiating proper therapeutic or teaching the children about good hygiene.

Although urban spaces are increasingly recognised as viable habitats for wildlife, cities remain a major source of anthropogenic mortality for wild birds. While the sources of urban avian mortalities have been well documented in North America, these phenomena remain poorly studied in Southeast Asia, especially for resident species. Here we present the first summary of non-migratory urban bird mortalities for the heavily urbanised island of Singapore. We conducted a citizen science study using print and social media outreach to encourage members of the public to report their observations of dead birds between November 2013 and October 2017, and collected a total of 362 mortality records across 65 resident bird species and five mortality sources. Our results show that a diverse array of bird species is directly impacted by anthropogenic sources of mortality, although mortalities stemming from roadkill and cat predation are likely to be undersampled. We also find that forest-edge frugivores such as the Pink-necked Green Pigeon are likely to be especially vulnerable to building collisions. Our study shows that despite its limitations, opportunistic sampling using citizen science can generate large amounts of ecological data at relatively low cost, and serve as a cost-effective complement to standardised survey methodologies.

This study aims to dicover the economic loss caused by nematodiasis in local goat farmings around the animal primary health care (Puskeswan) in Batee Roo, Aceh Jaya. In this study, as many as 84 goats positive of nematodiasis were used as samples for cross-sectional approach. Nematodiasis goats were confirmed from clinical symptoms and fecal examination using centrifugation method. Economic loss was determined by measuring body weight of all the goats. The results showed that the goats in the local farms had more than 70% prevalence rate of nematodiasis, which caused economic loss around Rp. 34.300,-/male goat, and Rp.9.310,-/ female goat. Based on the goats population in Batee Roo in 2014, total economic loss from nematodiasis for male goats reached Rp. 19.012.000,- per year, and for female it was Rp. 9.012.000,- per year. From this data, it can be concluded that the economic loss from nematodiasis in male and female goats around Puskeswan Batee Roo, Aceh Jaya per year could reach Rp. 20.000.000.

This study was aimed to determine the effect of epididymis extract (EE) on the testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) level of local male goat. An experimental study was performed using a completely randomized design (CRD) pattern of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). 15 local male goats aged 1.5 years with body weight 14-16 kg were used in this study. The K0 group as a control group, injected with only 1 ml physiological saline, while each KP1, KP2, KP3, and KP4 groups treated with multilevel EE dose, ie 1, 2, 3, and 4 ml / goat for 13 consecutive days. At the end of treatment (day 14th), testes, epididymis (caput, corpus, and cauda) and ductus deferens samples were taken through the close-castration method for examining the testosterone and DHT concentration by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Data gathered were later analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukeys HSD in SPSS 16.0 for Windows. The result showed that the average concentration of testosterone on K0, KP1, KP2, KP3, and KP 4 in testis respectively were 10.002.64 ng/ml; 7.662.51 ng/ml; 10.006.55 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 11.667.37 ng/ml; caput epididymis; 5.001.73 ng/ml; 2.331.52 ng/ml; 5.002.64 ng/ml; 1.330.57 ng/ml; 5.661.15 ng/ml; corpus epididymis; 1.330.57 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 4.002.64 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 4.332.30 ng/ml; cauda epididymis: 1.000.00 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 1.660.57 ng/ml; 1.00 0.00 ng/ml; 2.001.73 ng/ml; ductus deferens: 3.662.51 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 3.001.00 ng/ml; 1.000.00 ng/ml and 3.661.15 ng/ml. While the average concentration of DHT on K0, KP1, KP2, KP3, and KP 4 in testis respectively; 10.002.64 ng/ml; 7.662.51 ng/ml; 10.006.55 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 11.667.37 ng/ml; caput epididymis; 5.001.73 ng/ml; 2.331.52 ng/ml; 5.002.64 ng/ml; 1.330.57 ng/ml; 5.661.15 ng/ml; corpus epididymis; 1.330.57 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 4.002.64 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 4.332.30 ng/ml; cauda epididymis: 1.000.00 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 1.660.57 ng/ml; 1.00 0.00 ng/ml; 2.001.73 ng/ml; ductus deferens: 3.662.51 ng/ml; 0.660.57 ng/ml; 3.001.00 ng/ml; 1.000.00 ng/ml and 3.661.15 ng/ml. Statistical analysis showed that the administration of EE only increased testosterone concentration in testes had significant effect (P 0.05). From this study, it can be concluded that the EE has the potential to improve spermatogenesis and sperm quality through increasing the testosterone concentration in the local male goats.

This study aimed at determining the current knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of layer and pig farmers to antimicrobial usage and its consequences. Description of such KAP could provide insights useful for promoting the rational use of antimicrobials in livestock. From May 2014 to February 2016, a survey involving 251 respondents in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Chonburi provinces, Thailand, was conducted by using a validated questionnaire. More than half (51.0%) of the respondents incorrectly believed that antimicrobial drug efficacy could not be reduced by using sub-recommended dosages, 61.2% had misconceptions about non-therapeutic antimicrobial use, and 66.9% inaccurately felt that antimicrobials were also effective for virus and fungi. Over half (50.6 - 55.2%) did not see the need to follow instructions or advice of veterinarians. Moreover, only 10.4% regularly relied on responses to drugs sensitivity tests when evaluating the effectiveness of antimicrobials. Overall, assessment of KAP regarding antimicrobial usage indicated that the majority of respondents had low levels of knowledge of antimicrobials, neutral rather than positive attitudes, and employed poor practices in the use of antimicrobials. The results indicate improvements in KAP could be helpful in developing more effective interventions by farmers, reduce antibiotic usage, and slow the growth of antimicrobial resistance.

Various trials have been conducted to develop therapies for serious untreatable diseases. Among these, those using stem cells have shown great promise, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) are easier to obtain than other types of stem cells. Prior to clinical trials, characterization of ADMSCs with monoclonal antibodies should be performed. However, it is difficult to use species-specific antibodies for veterinarians. This study was conducted to confirm the panel of human antibodies applicable for use in immunophenotypic characterization of canine adipose-derived stem cells and feline ADMSCs extracted from subcutaneous adipose tissue collected during ovariohysterectomy. For flow cytometric immunophenotyping, the third passages of canine ADMSC and feline ADMSC and human CD31, CD34, CD42, CD44, CD62 and CD133 antibodies were used. Of these, CD133 reacted with canine cells (3.74%) and feline cells (1.34%). CD133 is known as a marker related with more primitive stem cell phenotype than other CD series. Because this human CD133 was not a species-specific antibody, accurate percentages of immunoreactivity were not confirmed. Nevertheless, the results of this study confirmed human CD133 as a meaningful marker in canine and feline ADMSCs.

Brucellosis is one of the common zoonoses caused by Brucella abortus (B. abortus). However, little has been reported on factors affecting invasion of B. abortus into host cells. To investigate cell-type dependent invasion of B. abortus, phagocytic RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells and non-phagocytic HeLa cells were infected with wild-type and mutant B. abortus, and their invasion efficiencies were compared. The invasion efficiencies of the strains were cell-type dependent. Wild-type B. abortus invasion efficiency was greater in phagocytic cells than in epithelial cells. The results also indicated that there are different factors involved in the invasion of B. abortus into phagocytic cells.