This study aimed to develop and optimize the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Ezetimibe (EZE) and Rosuvastatin (RSV) combination using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs). To achieve this, in vivo Triton induced hyperlipidemia rats were used to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic activity of the marketed products in comparison with their NPs. Results revealed that after 24 hours, Triton treated animals showed altered lipid profiles including significantly (P<0.05) high cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and Non-HDL-C and low HDL-C. They also exhibited an increase in the activities of ALT and AST enzymes, creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen levels and a decline in the total proteins and albumin levels indicating liver and kidney injuries. Triton also altered the glycemic control as evidenced by the increase in glucose and insulin growth factor. Administration of orally EZE+RSV and their loaded NPs significantly (P<0.05) attenuated the lipids alters after 15 days of treatment. This attenuation was continued up to 30 days in many evaluated parameters. They also were effective in partial preventing liver and kidney injuries and the glycemic controls. The effects of NPs were more pronounced that the marketed forms. In conclusion, and based on our findings, the efficiency and convenience of anti-hyperlipidemic activity of EZE+RSV nanoparticles were well demonstrated.

Turkey Pox Virus (TKPV) is one of avipox virus affecting poultry breeding causing many economic losses due to general skin lesion on the non-feathered area of the body (cutaneous form) and may be fatal in case of diphtheritic form. Turkey breeding in Egypt is getting a lot of attention lately so the disease of turkey get more concern, the most important disease that causes loses is (TKPV). The most effective way to control the disease is vaccination the birds with suitable vaccine protecting against the circulating virus therefor this study for production of TKPV vaccine. TKPV was isolated by inoculation of eleven day old embryonated chicken egg on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) then the egg adapted TKPV was propagated on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) till adaptation at the 15th passage when titer was reaching to log 10 5.5 TCID 50/ ml . The adapted virus was transmitted to Vero cell line to produce the qualified vaccine. All quality control measures approved that the vaccine is ready to be used to control the TKPV disease in Egypt. C4L like gene expression was employed to evaluate TKPV virulence via Quantitative RT-PCR to ensure TKPV attenuation that begin from the 15th passage till complete attenuation at the 20th passage.

Raw minced beef is one of the most used meat products and exposing to microbial contamination as well. So, improving its preservation techniques is highly recommended, especially with raising of microbial multidrug resistance worldwide. The recent study aimed to evaluate impacts of olive and garlic essential oils on the physicochemical and S. aureus multiplication in chilled minced beef along nine days of refrigeration. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oils was determined using disc diffusion technique. Results revealed higher inhibitory effect of garlic oil than olive oil on S. aureus, combination of olive and garlic (GOC) treated samples showed significant synergistic effect appeared as wider zone of inhibition and higher enhancement effects on the physicochemical and bacterial quality of the treated chilled minced meat. Although, the treated samples were sensory acceptable at the 9th day, when the control group showed spoilage characteristics; they, all, showed signs of spoilage in various degrees at the 12th day of storage. In addition, results of pH, TBA and TVN were 6.3, 0.82 and 18.7; 6.2, 0.79 and 18.3; 6.0, 0.75 and 17.5 for the olive oil (1.5%), garlic oil (1.0%) and GOC treated groups at the 9th day of storage, respectively. On the other hand, significant retardation in the S. aureus growth was observed in all the treated samples revealing that the used oils a promising and recommended meat additive of significant preservation characteristic on the meat safety and quality.

Furan (FU) is a common food contaminant and environmental pollutant. While Cadmium (Cd) is a prevalent environmental contaminant that poses a risk to the health of humans and animals. The goal of the current study was to assess the combined effects of FU and Cd on the kidney of male albino rats. Five groups of rats were designed: Cr-water, Cr-oil, FU (16 mg/kg b.w), Cd (2 mg/kg b.w), and FU+Cd, rats were co-treated with both FU and Cd. All treatments were given orally for 30 days. Renal function testing revealed severe biochemical changes in the rats, indicating substantial tissue injury. In addition, there was a notable rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a fall in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Also, prominent histopathological alterations in renal tissues were noticed. Additionally, FU and/or Cd significantly up-regulated the expression profile of Kim-1, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and iNOS). Meanwhile, Aqp1, and Aqp2 m-RNA genes expression were significantly downregulated along with significant upregulation of apoptotic proteins (PCNA). Intriguingly, the concurrent FU and Cd intoxication elicited additional extensive renal injury than their individual exposure.

Avian cellulitis is one of the most important field problems facing the poultry sector. Sever financial losses resulted from the condemnation of the broiler carcasses infected with cellulitis lesions. In light of this, the current study was aimed to isolation and identification of the bacterial species causing cellulitis in broiler chickens in Dakahlia and Sharkia Governorates, Egypt. The bacterial isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular detection of some virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. In addition to evaluate the antibacterial activity of quaternary ammonium compounds and glutaraldehyde (TH4 ®) against the bacterial isolates. Four bacterial species were isolated; E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis with percentages of (75%), (20%), (6%) and (5%) respectively. E. coli was recorded as the most predominant isolated bacteria in this study with12 different sero- groups (O1, O2, O26, O55, O78, O91, O121, O125, O126, O128, O153 and O158). E. coli O78 and O91 were the most prevalent identified sero- groups.  The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed higher resistances against doxycycline and ampicillin (95.6%), amoxicillin (90.7%), norfloxacin (84%), oxytetracycline (79.1%) and amikacin (71.6%) in E. coli, doxycycline (73.3%), oxytetracycline (80%)            ,ampicillin(75%), streptomycin (80%), erythromycin (73.3%), and oxacillin (86.7%) in S. aureus, doxycycline (83.3%), oxytetracycline (77.8%), ampicillin (83.3%), amoxicillin (88.9%), neomycin (72.2%) and erythromycin (77.8%) in P. aeruginosa and doxycycline, oxytetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, streptomycin and erythromycin (100% for each of them) in Proteus mirabilis. All isolated bacterial species were multidrug resistance (MDR). The molecular identification showed the detection of virulence genes: iutA in E. coli, nuc in S. aureus, toxA in P.aeruginosa and rsbA in Proteus mirabilis., with percentage of (100%). blaTEM, tetA (A), qnrA, tetK, mecA, aac(6')aph (2''), ereA and aada1 resistance genes were  reported in this study. Quaternary ammonium compounds in combination glutaraldehyde (TH4 ®) with 2% concentration showed the highest antibacterial activity against the examined multidrug resistant bacterial isolates. These results suggested for application of 2% TH4 ® to achieve effective disinfectant programs in poultry farms.

A frequent species of microalgae in alkaline brackish, marine, and freshwater is Amphora coffeaeformis. It has a high concentration of physiologically active chemicals with antibacterial, anti-obesity, and antioxidant properties, as well as pigments involved in photosynthetic respiration, including as carotenoids and chlorophyll, that are effective in a range of medical applications. The current study sought to determine the effects of varying dosages of Amphora coffeaeformis nanoparticles (Am-NPs) incorporated diet on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which were weighted at 15±0.5 g and 9±0.5 cm in length, on growth performance, immunological, digestive enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activities, as well as histological examination of the intestinal villi and resistance to Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii). Four experimental groups (each with 80 fish) were run in duplicate. For four weeks, Amphora nanoparticles (Am NPs) at 2.5, 5 and 7.5 g/kg diet were added to the following three groups, while the first additive-free basal diet functioned as the control group. After the feeding trial, fish were exposed to an infection of pathogenic bacteria (A. veronii) with 9×108 CFU/ml. Supplementing with (Am-NPs) during the experiment period, specifically 7.5 g/kg diet (P˂0.05), significantly improved the following: immunological parameters such as liver Nitric oxide (NO) and plasma IgM and IgG; biochemical parameters such as liver tissue alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, plasma lipase, and amylase; and growth performance (weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion rate, and length gain rate). The villus height, the villus height to crypt depth ratio and and the number of goblet cells were significantly (P<0.05) increase in the fish fed Am Nps especially at 7.5 g/ kg diet when compared with control group which had the lowest values. Additionally the supplemented groups showed a substantial (P<0.05) decrease in the crypt depth of the villus when compared to control group. Our results showed that the groups treated with Am-NPs had a relative percent survival (RPS) of 65-85% against the infection of pathogenic Aeromonas veronii bacteria, compared to a control group that had an RPS of 0%. In conclusion, Amphora coffeaeformis offers several advantages, the chief among them being that it is a significant food source. Additionally, it has a range of physiologically active substances with antibacterial, immunological, antioxidant, and biochemical properties that are used in numerous medicinal applications.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the production and activity of glutaminase by some clinical bacterial species. Two marine specimens, saltwater and sediment gathered from the Red Sea coast of Hurghada, Egypt, yielded 100 marine bacterial isolates altogether.  Based on cultural and biochemical testes, there were 60 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria belong to the Escherichia coli, including 10, isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 25 isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) and 2 Acinetobacter junii. Whereas the remaining isolates were identified as Gram-positive bacteria were distributed as 3 Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial isolates were screened for L-glutaminase enzyme activity using rapid plate assay. The isolate showing the highest production of L-glutaminase was identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Then L-glutaminase production was optimized by various process parameters such as: The effect of incorporation of additional carbon source, nitrogen source, different concentrations of sodium chloride (0.2-1.2 %), initial pH values (4-9), incubation temperatures (25-50oC), and incubation periods (24-120 h.). Fifty isolates were found to be L-glutaminase producers. The zone index was calculated for all L-glutaminase producing samples which are ranged from 5.0 to 1.0. The maximum zone index was given by K. pneumonia. The enzymatic activity was ranged from (82.75±4.71-15.7±0.86) IU/ml. The maximum activity was recorded by K.  pneumonia. Various parameters that enhance the yield of L-glutaminase by K. pneumonia was investigated and resulted in fructose was the best carbon source, beef extract was the best nitrogen source, 1% of NaCl concentration was the optimum for L-glutaminase production from K. pneumonia, the optimum L-glutaminase production was recorded at pH 8.0, The maximum enzyme productivity was obtained at 96 h., Maximum L-glutaminase production was noticed at a temperature of 40°C. In Conclusion, the current study showed microbial source of glutaminase enzyme production from K. pneumonia pure culture. Nutritional parameters, such as carbon and nitrogen sources also played an important role in enhancing the yield.

Effects of dietary non-starch polysaccharides-degrading enzymes (NSPase) and phytase complex on performance, carcass, bone minerals, litter, and gene expression (IGF, IL-1β, IL-10, TLR-4, CPT1A) were determined in broilers fed corn-soybean nutrient-reduced diets. Totally, 1200 Ross-308 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 4 treatments, with 6 replicates of 50 birds each; (G1) a control nutrient-adequate diet without enzymes supplementation; (G2) received energy-reduced diet (-100 kcal/kg) with NSPase (100 g/ton Econase®) + phytase (100 g/ton Quantum Blue®; 5,000 FTU/g); (G3) received energy-reduced diet (-80 kcal/kg) with NSPase (250 g/ton Enziver®) + phytase (100 g/ton Phytonex®; 5,000 FTU/g); (G4) received as G3 diet with a 0.5% decrease in crude protein (CP). For all energy-reduced diets, the nutritional matrix of phytase with reductions of phosphorus (P) (0.15%), and calcium (Ca) (0.165%) was considered. Dietary NSPase and phytase supplementation to a low-energy diet significantly (P<0.05) enhanced body weights, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and litter quality (lowered nitrogen, phosphorous, and calcium excretion in broiler manure), with constant bone mineralization. No significant effects (P>0.05) on carcass or blood biochemistry. Energy and CP-reduced diet showed better feed intake, immune organ weights, and mineral bioavailability by decreasing Alkaline phosphatase activity. Moreover, upregulated gene expression of IGF-1 in muscles, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1B and IL-10), immune-related genes (TLR-4) in the liver, and (CPT1A) responsible for energy production. Conclusively, dietary NSPase with phytase compensated for up to 0.5% CP, 100 kcal ME/kg, and 0.15% and 0.165% units of Av.P and total Ca, with improving broiler performance and environmental impacts.

Effects of dietary non-starch polysaccharides-degrading enzymes (NSPase) and phytase complex on performance, carcass, bone minerals, litter, and gene expression (IGF, IL-1β, IL-10, TLR-4, CPT1A) were determined in broilers fed corn-soybean nutrient-reduced diets. Totally, 1200 Ross-308 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 4 treatments, with 6 replicates of 50 birds each; (G1) a control nutrient-adequate diet without enzymes supplementation; (G2) received energy-reduced diet (-100 kcal/kg) with NSPase (100 g/ton Econase®) + phytase (100 g/ton Quantum Blue®; 5,000 FTU/g); (G3) received energy-reduced diet (-80 kcal/kg) with NSPase (250 g/ton Enziver®) + phytase (100 g/ton Phytonex®; 5,000 FTU/g); (G4) received as G3 diet with a 0.5% decrease in crude protein (CP). For all energy-reduced diets, the nutritional matrix of phytase with reductions of phosphorus (P) (0.15%), and calcium (Ca) (0.165%) was considered. Dietary NSPase and phytase supplementation to a low-energy diet significantly (P<0.05) enhanced body weights, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and litter quality (lowered nitrogen, phosphorous, and calcium excretion in broiler manure), with constant bone mineralization. No significant effects (P>0.05) on carcass or blood biochemistry. Energy and CP-reduced diet showed better feed intake, immune organ weights, and mineral bioavailability by decreasing Alkaline phosphatase activity. Moreover, upregulated gene expression of IGF-1 in muscles, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1B and IL-10), immune-related genes (TLR-4) in the liver, and (CPT1A) responsible for energy production. Conclusively, dietary NSPase with phytase compensated for up to 0.5% CP, 100 kcal ME/kg, and 0.15% and 0.165% units of Av.P and total Ca, with improving broiler performance and environmental impacts.

This report aimed to present a case of ectrodactyly in a free-living adult female Erinaceus europaeus. At radiography and post-mortem dissection, the right hind limb developed 2 digits and aplasia of 3 digits. No other abnormality was found in this case. Various teratogens may be responsible for occurring skeletal anomalies. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report of ectrodactyly in this species.