Water and acetone extracts of the leave of Law.s'om'a inermfs L., the peels of I’um'ca grrmamm L. and calcium carbonate (I%). alone or in combination were used against the fungus Aspergiflusfimiigams radial growth, sporulation and spore germination. The combination of acetone extracts ol‘ 1.. incrnu'.s' and P. gramrmm, and that ol‘ CaCO3 alone, were found to be the most effective against /t._/i.rmigam.s'. The acetone extract of L. incrmris‘ was very effective inhibitor of radial growth of the fungus when used alone or in combination with other treatments. The water extract of L. :'nermi.s‘ and P. granamm increased sporulation and spore germination olithe fungus. It was concluded that the acetone extracts of 1;. inernris and I’. grrimmrm alone or in combination with CaC()3 were considered to have a good in vitro antifungai activity agains

The chemotherapeutic effects of anti-eestodes drug praziquantel on giardiasis in laboratory mice. Fourty mice were divided into 4 groups of 10 mice each. Group 1 was infected; group2 was infected and treated orally by giving praziquantel at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight as a single dose; group 3 was infected and treated orally by giving metronidazole at a rate of 15-20 mg/kg body weight daily for 7' days; group 4 was uninfected. Cyst excretion rate was recorded for the infected groups of mice. The infected and praziquantel treated mice have recovered much more faster than infected mice and treated by metronidazole. There were no side effects reported. Praziquantel proved for the first time to be an ideal drug for the treatment of giardiasis

Balb/c mice were used for investigating, the ability of the fungus (..'lada.s'porr‘zun sp. To infect the animal organs. Livers and kidneys of the animals were fixed and liistopathologieally examined after injecting the animal with ftlllgal spores. The study showed that the fungus (.'lado.s-porfzmz sp. is able to infect the animal organs . Fungal mycclia was observed among tisstie cells in addition to many histological changes such as cell (lcgcneration, necrosis. ecmgestion and bleeding.

A total of 100 fecal samples from goats were coprologically examined to investigate the main cause of diarrhea. Animals were divided according to the age into 3 groups (7-35 days, 35 days - 6month and over one year). The results revealed that Eimeria species was the most predominant parasite (70%), the parasitic gastroenteritis (28%) and Cryptosporidium species (21%). Ten species of Eimeria were identified from the infected animals, E. hirci, E. arloingi, E. intericata, E. ahsata , E. christenseni, E. marisca, E. crandalis, E. weybridegenesis, E. faurei and E. ovina. Three species of parasitic gastroenteritis (Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia species and Trichostrongylus species). Cryptosporidium oocysts were found common in young goats

Studies were conducted to determine the utility of lysate antigens for rapid evaluation of the local entero-3 vaccine, antigens were prepared from cell cultures infected with bovine rota virus (BRV) and bovine corona virus (BCV) as well as from Enterotoxigenic E. coli strain K99. Prepared antigens were tested with field serum samples collected from both late pregnant entero-3 vaccinated cows and their offsprings using different serological assays including: microagglutination test, indirect ELISA and immunofluorescent antibody technique. Results of this endeavor were correlated to that of the standard virus neutralization test. The locally prepared antigens were proved useful for vaccine evaluation. Moreover, these antigens are recommended for both detection and assessment post vaccination or post infection of sero-conversion against BRV, BCV and E. coli.

A conclusive study was conducted for preparation and evaluation of combined inactivated entero-4 vaccine containing bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), E. coli K99 and toxoid of C. perfringens type "C". Laboratory and field evaluations were conducted on laboratory animals, calves and late pregnant cows with monitoring the active and passive antibodies in vaccinated cows and their offspring respectively. Laboratory evaluation proved purity, safety and high efficacy of the vaccine without interference between different vaccine ingredients. Field evaluation gave satisfactory results when pregnant cows vaccinated at late stage of pregnancy with high neutralizing antibody titers against BRV, BCV and C. perfringens as well as high E. coli agglutinating titers. Maternal immunity passively protected offspring during the critical period of age and remained protected till the end of sampling time (30th day post parturition).

Beef longissimus dorsi steaks were treated with 10, 25, and 50-kGy gamma irradiation and weekly examined during refrigeration storage at 5ºC to evaluate the changes in their organoleptic, bacteriological, chemical and nutritional quality characteristics as well as deterioration criteria. The signs of spoilage became apparent after 17 days of refrigeration storage in control untreated samples compared with 52 days for 10 kGy treated samples; however, samples treated with 25 or 50 kGy remained without signs of spoilage until the end of storage period (4 months). A characteristic burnt flavor was distinguished in irradiated beef samples, which was intensified with high irradiation dose, but decreased during storage. High doses of irradiation especially 50 kGy resulted in a brownish color of meat surface. Moreover, gamma irradiation resulted in high thiobarbituric acid values after treatments and during storage due to lipid oxidation. Thiamin content of beef was severely reduced and the reduction was dependant on the irradiation dose. Riboflavin was also affected by irradiation, but it was much stable than thiamin. The proximate chemical composition of beef was slightly affected by irradiation.

In this study a total of 14 infected sheep and 6 lactating albino goats were used. These animals were proved to be brucellosis seropositive using TAT, MET, BAPAT, RBPT and rivanol test as well as bacteriologically positive by isolation of Brucella melitensis biovar 3 from their milk. These animals were subjected to trials of treatment using three different methods. Goats treated by antibiotics combined with BCG showed the highest recovery rate (on bacteriological basis), followed by animals treated with antibiotics only and finally animals treated with antibiotics combined ID. The recovered treated animals were placed under careful investigation for 2 years with no evidence of Brucella infection neither in them nor in their newborns.

Thirty samples of freshly slaughtered broiler frame with skin were obtained from small scale poultry processing plant in Cairo and Giza markets. Samples of neck and breast skin were examined for Total colony count, Psychrotrophic count, Staphylococcus aureus count, Coliform Count, presumptive E. coli count and total yeast and mould count. In addition isolation of Salmonella spp. and thermotolerant Campylobater were performed. Lower bacterial counts were recorded in cooked samples, with mean value of 7.6 ± 0.18, 5.68 ± 0.16, 5.12 ± 0.14, 3.6 ± 0.3, 2.3 ± 0.39 and 6.85 ± 0.37 log10 cfu /g in raw samples and 0.91 ± 0.27, 0.74 ± 0.21, 0.56 ± 0.19, 1.1 ± 0.13, < 3 and 2.44 ± 0.12 log10 cfu/g in cooked samples respectively. The incidence of S. aureus, Salmonella and Campylobater jejuni in raw skin samples were 66.7%, 20%, and 56.6%, respectively. While S. aureus was unexpectedly isolated from cooked samples. Fat content was estimated by using Sohexelt method and fatty acids content of methylester were determined.

Survival of the neonate relies on the integrated expression of appropriate behaviours from both mother and young. In this study, the effect of birth difficulty on maternal and lamb behaviours and its influence on lamb survival was investigated in crossbred primiparous ewes (½ Finnish x ½ Rahmani). Assisted ewes spent significantly (P<0.05) less time licking (30.83±1.39 min/2 h) and nosing (24.25±1.79 time/2 hr) their lambs than unassisted mothers (38.52±2.96 min, 28.80±1.68 time/2 h) respectively. They were found to be more aggressive towards their lambs when attempt to suck (9.80±0.37, 12.90±0.84 and 10.50±0.50 time/2 h) when compared with unassisted one (8.00±0.40, 10.20±1.52 and 7.66±0.88 time/2h) respectively. Lamb behavioural development were found to be significantly (P<0.05) affected by birth difficulty with lambs that require assistance at birth even if they survive the birth process, they were slower to progress through the sequence of neonatal behaviours. These lambs were therefore at greater risk of not surviving to weaning (28.57% vs. 11.42). It could be concluded that ease ofdelivery was an important factor determining the subsequent behaviour of the lamb and ewe and hence lamb survival, thus manipulation of husbandry and breeding system to improve delivery will improve lamb survival