Sperm rheotaxis is a sperm guidance mechanism that helps to guide and select high-quality sperm cells within the female reproductive tract. Semen is usually evaluated using either the traditional subjective method of evaluation or computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). These methods provide information about sperm concentration, viability and motility parameters and ignoring sperm ability to travel inside the female reproductive tract. Our goal was to detect the individual variations between different sires through evaluation of post thawed frozen semen using sperm rheotaxis. We studied sperm rheotaxis and sperm kinematics inside microfluidic platforms together with subjective semen analysis (motility, viability, and sperm morphology) in post-thawed bull frozen semen in different sires. The results showed that the positive rheotaxis (PR) was higher in the post-thawed frozen semen of some bulls (P < 0.05) than in others. Our results also revealed that the bulls with the higher PR% have significantly higher straight-line velocity (VSL) and subjective analysis parameters (motility and viability) (P < 0.05) than bull with the lower PR. Furthermore, PR was positively correlated with VSL (r = 0.67, P < 0.0001) and with subjective motility and viability (r =0.57, P = 0.007 and r = 0.49; P= 0.02, respectively).  Thus, we concluded that sperm rheotaxis should be used as a new parameter in evaluation of post-thawed frozen semen quality in bull.

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) infection is considered one of the highly contagious diseases causing pneumonia in bovine with devastating economic setbacks globally. Recently, inappropriate usage of antimicrobial in treatment and control makes P. multocida resistance to the most prescribed veterinary antibiotics. The current study aimed to detect P. multocida in apparently healthy and diseased (170) cattle and (174) buffalo in four Egyptian governorates, defined some of epidemiological aspect, phenotypic and genotypic detection of antimicrobial resistance of P. multocida strains. The overall prevalence in examined cattle and buffalo was 21.2%. The   highest infection was in young male (41.5%) in Cairo governorate (24.5%). The antimicrobial susceptibility test of P. multocida isolates showed high prevalence of multi-drug resistance to more than one antimicrobial group as high resistance was recorded against Penicillin-G, Ampicillin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim but sensitive to cefquinome. The antimicrobial resistant pattern was confirmed by detection of four antimicrobial resistance genes (tetH, ermX, blaROB1 and aphA1) in four phenotypically drug resistance isolates. The four isolates revealed positive results for resistance genes by PCR assay except one isolate was negative for ermX gene. The result confirms the necessity of reliable use of antimicrobials to avoid the development drug resistance and decrease the economic losses in animal production.

Bovine clinical Mastitis (CM) is the most important disease in the dairy industry affecting both animal welfare and farm profitability. Therefore, early and accurate detection of the disease is a valuable timely intervention. In this article, six different machine learning classification algorithms were compared to obtain a prediction model for early detection of the disease. These algorithms are Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor, Classification and Regression Decision Tree, and Random Forest. The algorithms are applied to the milk production of Holstein Friesian cows milked by an automated milking system using the dairy records and disease events. This includes 1493 cows with clinical Mastitis and 2387 healthy cows. The six models were evaluated based on five performance metrics criteria: accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC). The accuracy rate ranged from 62% to 74%. The AUC is used to choose the best model. The Decision Tree algorithm and Gaussian Naïve Bayes scored the highest AUC of 71%. However, the Decision Tree algorithm is more stable with respect to other metrics (73% for accuracy and 64% for Precision, Recall, and F1-score). Hence, it can be considered the best predictive CM model with moderate accuracy. Out of the 15 input features, days in milk, age of the animal, lactation order, 305 days mature herd equivalent, and average daily milk yield were the only important features shared in establishing the Decision Tree model.

This research endeavour examined several nutritional approaches aimed at optimising the energy content of the broiler diets using mixtures with distinct mechanisms of action in low metabolisable energy diet (LME). Within this context, the impact of various xylanase (Xyl), emulsifier (EM), and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) mixtures supplemented to LME diets were investigated on the following parameters: growth performance, energy and protein efficiency ratios, oxidative biomarkers, gene expression, and intestinal morphology. Seven hundred one-day-old (Ross 308) male-broilers were assigned to five experimental treatments (28 birds/replicate). The positive control group (PC) fed as breed-recommendations. A dietary change was made to the PC, where the dietary energy content was reduced by 200 kcal/kg feed, served as negative control group (NC). The other experimental diets were as in NC group, fortified with either Xyl+EM, Xyl+GAA or Xyl+EM+GAA. The results demonstrated a negative impact on the NC group’s productivity and biometric parameters compared to the PC group (p < 0.05). Combinations of Xyl+GAA or Xyl+EM+GAA were as effective as PC in term of growth performance (p > 0.05), but they were more efficient in terms of energy efficiency ratio (p < 0.05). In contrast to the PC group, The Xyl+EM group had lower protein efficiency ratio (p <0.05). The oxidative biomarkers, gene expression, and intestinal morphology of the NC groups supplemented with various mixtures were better than those of the PC group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the overall benefits in the Xyl+EM+GAA group were notable. It is possible to compensate for LME (-200 kcal/kg feed) by using Xyl+EM+GAA mixture.

Gastric ulceration is a common gastrointestinal ailment with serious consequences that can lead to serious illness or even death. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of tadalafil (TAD) and dexlansoprazole (DLP) in treating stomach ulcers caused by dexamethasone (DEX) in male albino Wister rats. Thirty male albino Wister rats were divided into 5 groups (6 rats each): control group received normal saline, positive control group received DEX 5 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal (i.p.) for 7 days, the third group received DLP 30 mg/kg/day orally after DEX, the fourth group received TAD 5 mg/kg/day orally after DEX, and the fifth group received DLP and TAD orally after DEX. Persistence and prevention of ulcers, pepsin activity, mucin content, and histopathological changes were evaluated after each trial. Reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in gastric homogenates. Serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were also measured.  Treatment with either TAD or DLP alone significantly reduced ulcer index (U.I.), pepsin activity, TNF-α, IL-10 and MDA with significant rise in mucin content, PGE2, NO, GSH, and improved the histological alteration compared to DEX group. When TAD and DLP were administered together, there was a more notable decrease in U.I., pepsin activity, gastric MDA, TNF-α, and IL-10 with concomitant more significant increase in mucin content, NO content, and PGE2 production compared to the TAD or DLP groups alone. Compared to each medicine alone, TAD and DLP together have promising therapeutic potential in preventing stomach ulcers caused by DEX.

Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapeutic agent employed as a therapy for different solid tumors.  CP elicits many negative side effects including ocular toxicity. L-arginine able to increase the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the bloodstream.  This study aimed to evaluate the possible protective impact of L-arginine against ocular toxicity of cisplatin through its anti-inflammatory action.  Forty male rats were utilized in this experiment. The treatment protocol duration lasted for one week. The rats were divided randomly into four equal groups, as follows: the normal control group (G1) received a single intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, Cisplatin-administered group (G2) received single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin in a dose (10 mg/kg body weight), Cisplatin + L-arginine-treated group (G3) received i.p. injection of cisplatin in a dose (10 mg/kg b.wt.) followed immediately by i.p. injection of L-arginine in a dose (10 mg/kg b.wt.), and  L-arginine-treated group (G4) received intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg b.wt. L-arginine. The protective effect of L-arginine was assessed through histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in ocular tissues.  Cisplatin-administered group revealed corneal neovascularization, stromal inflammatory infiltration, corneal epithelial hyperplasia, and endothelial degeneration. Sclera revealed vascular congestion and inflammatory infiltrates. There were congested blood vessels, apoptosis, and a decrease the ganglionic cells number in the retinal tissue. Ciliary body had epithelial necrosis, congestion, and hemorrhage. These pathological changes were attenuated to be mild in the cisplatin + L-arginine-treated group. The intensity of the immunohistochemical expression of iNOS appeared weak and significantly decreased in G3 compared to G2. The obtained data validate that Co-treatment of cisplatin with L-arginine cause a reduction in histopathological ocular damage through its anti-inflammatory effect.

Biosecurity is a set of practices applied to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases in animal farms. Mastitis is one of the most important diseases affecting dairy cows worldwide.This work aimed to evaluate the impact of biosecurity practices, environmental hygiene, and sanitation on milk quality, quantity, and prevalence of subclinical mastitis in some Egyptian dairy cattle farms. Along six months, Daily milk yield (DMY) was recorded and the total average milk production (TAMP) was calculated for six randomly selected cows of each of three farms (in Giza, Ismailia, and Alexandria Governorates, Egypt). A detailed questionnaire was also designed and filled out to detect the different biosecurity practices and hygienic levels. Milk, water, feed, and bedding samples were collected. In addition, swabs from workers' hands, cows' teats (before and after sanitation with Iodine 1% solution), equipment, and milking parlour surfaces were collected to assess the milk quality and environmental hygiene. Total bacterial count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC) were determined. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) was detected using the White Side Test (WST). The obtained data revealed variable biosecurity practices in the investigated farms with different levels of environmental hygiene. A negative correlation was detected between the produced quantity and microbial quality of produced milk, besides the prevalence of SCM. Data reflected the negative impact of poor environmental hygiene on milk production and highlighted the role of following proper sanitary measures and biosecurity practices for improving milk production in dairy farms.

Water quality is an important part of any aquaculture system. Water provides aquatic animals with oxygen, allows for waste removal, and is the conduit for their food. Similar to all other organisms, fish are heavily influenced and dependent on the characteristics of their environment. Non-optimum water physicochemical parameters as dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, ammonia, temperature etc. can cause stress to the cultured fish and thus make them more susceptible to disease outbreaks. Nile tilapia is the most cultured fish in Egypt. While its sustainable production is hindered by many obstacles. One of them is the water quality, therefore the hygienic effects of the water parameters are important to be clear in culturing.

Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria that are members of the Leptospira genus. This illness can occur in a variety of environments, although it is more prevalent in tropical regions where humidity and wetness greatly aid in its spread. Geographically broad, leptospirosis primarily affects tropical, temperate, and subtropical regions. Bacteria can enter the body through the vaginal system, mucosa, conjunctiva, and tiny abrasions. Hazardous germs are released into the urine when the bacteria settle in the complex kidney pathways. Leptospirosis symptoms are similar to those of other diseases, making diagnosis challenging. The majority of leptospirosis patients are resolved without problems. Laboratory techniques are used to research leptospirosis in humans and animals. Humans are classified as accidental hosts because they have had direct or indirect interaction with leptospirosis-infected animals. Leptospirosis infection can occur in at-risk groups who work in contaminated environments or animal shelters, such as abattoir and sewer workers, coal mines, plumbers, salver workers, agricultural workers, veterinarians, military personnel, abattoir employees, animals, meat handlers, and fishing industry workers. Antimicrobial therapy is one way to treat leptospirosis. Among the antibiotics are doxycycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, penicillin, and erythromycin. Reducing the incidence of leptospirosis in domestic and wild animals can help manage the disease in people. Leptospirosis in wild animals is difficult to control, but in domesticated animals, vaccinations using inactivated whole cells or outer membrane preparations can effectively manage the disease.

Ten cattle with severe generalised skin lesions due to dermatophilosis were taken up for the study. Typical exudative dermatitis lesions with matting of hairs, thick scab formation and fissures on the skin were noticed in lower limbs, udder, perineum, inguinal region, axilla, neck and ears. Haematological analysis revealed anaemia and an increase in the absolute eosinophil count in affected animals. Serum biochemical estimations revealed hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglobulinaemia, a decrease in A/G ratio, increase in the blood urea nitrogen value and decrease in the zinc level in affected animals