Eğitim ihtiyaçlarının analizi ile ihtiyaç duyulan bilgilerin tespit edilmesi hem çiftçilerin ihtiyaç duydukları bilgilerin belirlenmesi hem de dahagerçekçi bir eğitim programının yapılabilmesi için çok önemlidir. Afyonkarahisar’da koyunculuk önemli bir hayvansal üretim kolu olup koyunculukişletmeleri ağırlıkla orta ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerden oluşmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2014 yılından beri Çiftlik Hayvanlarının Refahınailişkin Genel Hükümler Hakkındaki Yönetmelik ile çiftliklerde sağlanması zorunlu olan ulusal hayvan refahı standartları tanımlanmıştır. Koyunculukişletmelerinin de ulusal hayvan refahı standartlarına uyumu bakımından çiftçilerin hayvan refahı konusundaki eğitim ihtiyaçlarınınbelirlenmesi çok önem taşımaktadır. Bu tebliğde çiftçilerin hayvan refahı yönetimi konusundaki eğitim ihtiyaçlarına ilişkin bulgular sunulmuştur.Bu bulgular, Afyonkarahisar İli Emirdağ İlçesi'nde bulunan küçük ve orta ölçekli koyunculuk işletmelerinin sahiplerinin hayvan sağlığıve refahı konularındaki eğitim ihtiyaçlarının analiz edilmesi amacıyla yürütülen bir araştırma projemizden elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, elde edilensonuçlar çiftlik düzeyinde koyun refahının sağlanabilmesi için minimum gerekliliklerin yerine getirilmesi bakımından fırsatlar ve dezavantajlarınyönetimi yönünden de tartışılmıştır.

In this study microbiological changes of cattle sausages that are sold in the local markets of İzmir were monitored during storage at 4°C. Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria (AMB), Total Yeast and Mold (TYM), Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and Psychrophilic Bacteria (PB) counts of frankfurters were monitored on day 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 of storage. Four different brand of cattle sausage were analyzed for this study. Total Yeast and Mold count didn’t change significantly whereas Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria and Psychrophilic Bacteria count increased approximately 2 log. Lactic acid bacteria count was increased about 1-3 log. Bad smell and slimy surface occurred on day 60 (end of the storage) implicating the spoilage of frankfurters. Results showed that the production process of the frankfurters analyzed for this study was insufficient to ensure low microbial load of the product and the counts might grow higher during storage.

In this study, trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the facilities located in Doganşehir Sürgü, Malatya was used. Samples were received betweenNovember 2017 and January 2018. During the study, a total of 60 fish, 10 female, 10 male, 10 female, 10 male and 10 female, were studiedin the pre-milking period. After the fish were anesthetized with 0.25% phenoxyethanol, blood was taken from the tail end with the help of theinjector. Blood samples were taken from the alveolar vessels and measured with the PROKAN 6800 VET device. Hematological analyzes wereperformed using the Cell DN 1700 coulter counter to determine blood parameters. The weight of male fishes before mating was 359.5 ± 32.7g, increased to 453 ± 74.09 g during the mating period and decreased to 354 ± 99.35 g at the end of mating period. In females, before matingperiod weights were 421 ± 28.46 g, decreased to 375 ± 54.62 g during the mating period and increased to 392 ± 75.69 g after the mating period.The blood parameters obtained for male fish are as follows; white blood cells (WBC): 50.8 ± 14.82 103/μL before mating, 55.79 ± 2.79 103/μL during mating, 54.61 ± 3.052 103/μL after mating; red blood cells (RBC): 1.95 ± 0.59 106/μL before mating, 2.25 ± 0.20 106/μL duringmating, 2.24 ± 0.35 106/μL after mating; hemoglobin (HGB): 10.11 ± 3.07 g/dl before mating, 11.02 ± 1.02 g/dl during mating, 9.79 ± 0.84g/dl after mating; hematocrit (HCT): 26.38 ± 8.04 % before mating, 28.73 ± 2.70 % during mating, 29.62 ± 3.77 % after mating; leucocyte(GRAN): 1.664 ± 0.81 103/μ before mating, 1.22 ± 0.29 103/μ during mating, 1.33 ± 0.36 103/μ after mating. The blood parameters obtainedfor female fish are as follows; white blood cells (WBC): 54.57 ± 4.86 103/μL before mating, 47.2 ± 8 103/μL during mating, 42.65 ± 7.11 103/μL after mating; red blood cells (RBC): 1.94 ± 0.18 106/μL before mating, 1.75 ± 0.33 106/μL during mating, 1.39 ± 0.33 106/μL after mating;hemoglobin (HGB): 10.17 ± 0.78 g/dl before mating, 8.89 ± 1.59 g/dl during mating, 6.74 ± 1.57 g/dl after mating; hematocrit (HCT): 26.18 ±2.07 % before mating, 22.44 ± 4.54 % during mating, 18.04 ± 4.03 % after mating; leucocyte (GRAN): 1.54 ± 0.47 103/μ before mating, 1.18± 0.26 103/μ during mating, 1.09 ± 0.22 103/μ after mating.

Nayaband coastal protected area with approximately 49815 ha area, south of Iran, was the best opportunity to became the first and only Iraniancoastal-marine national park due to its special geographical location and ecological characteristics. However, with the establishing of naturalgas extraction facilities in its neighboring as the largest and most important energy zone in Iran, since 1997, and the emergence of extensiveenvironmental impacts of the project activities, today this opportunity should be considered forever to be lost. In this paper, the criteria for siteselection of coastal-marine national parks have been determined through a literature review and then the ecological characteristics of the studyarea compared with these criteria. The most important criteria for site selection of coastal-marine national parks are biodiversity (includingboth species and habitat diversity) and ecological integrity. Based on the results Nayband coastal protected area benefits a diversity of habitatsincluding mangrove forest habitats, river estuaries, creeks, coral reefs, small gulfs, tidal zones, sandy and rocky beaches, coastal lagoons andterrestrial savanna likes habitats. This diverse habitats encompass more than 300 species including plants, mammalian, aquatic and terrestrialbirds, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, shrimps, lobsters, oysters, gastropods and corals species, and maybe more unknown species from invertebratesand insects. Overall, the study area in terms of biodiversity criteria could earn points for assigning the title of “National Park”. Nevertheless,unfortunately, because of the development and industrial activities in the onshore and offshore, the second criteria, ecological integrity,has been affected drastically. Disturbing upstream-downstream surface runoff, blocking migratory corridors, receiving air and water pollutants,constructing bridges and closing or tightening water entrance of creeks have been led to the deterioration of ecological integrity. That is, theopportunity of establishing the first and only Marine – Coastal National Park of Iran has been lost.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gamithromycin on rat uterus smooth muscles and to evaluate the possible mechanism of action. Forty-four uterine tissues isolated from 16 female Wistar rats weighing 200-250 grams were used in the experiments. In the preliminary experiments, gamithromycin was tested at concentrations of 10-7 M, 10-6 M and 10-5 M; where 10-5 M was selected for the experiments. In Group 1, the uterus segments were treated for 10 min with 10-5 M gamithromycin following 10 min control contractions. In Group 2, the effect of 10-5 M gamithromycin over 2.5 mIU / mL oxytocin contraction was evaluated. In Group 3, the effect of 10-5 M gamithromycin was evaluated over 10-8 M atropine incubation. In Group 4, 10-5 M gamithromycin was applied for 10 min followed by 0.0625 μg/ml of cloprostenol application. The same protocols were applied for dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as control. Frequency, average amplitude and peak amplitude values ​​of the contractions were assessed. In Group 1, gamithromycin in were shown to increase the contractility at 10-5 M significantly (P≤0.01); while no statistically significant difference was observed in comparison to DMSO (P> 0.05). For the other tested groups, no statistically important difference were observed (P> 0.05). The nonsignificant difference of the results of this study can be attributed to the chemical form of gamithromycin and the concentration used. In order to be able to fully assess the effects and possible mechanism of gamihtromycin on the uterine smooth muscle, higher gamithromycin concentrations should be studied and, if possible, further studies should be performed with different agonist and antagonist agents.

This study evaluated the bioequivalence of three different enrofloxacin preparations in broilers after oral administration. Forty male broilers (Ross 308 broiler breeders) fed with feed containing no residues of drugs and pollutants for 30 days were used in the study. They were divided into four experimental groups each consisting of 10 animals. Enrofloxacin active substance solution, Reference Drug, Test Drug 1, and Test Drug 2 were administered to Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4, respectively. Intravenous (IV) administration was performed in Group 1 whereas Groups 2, 3, and 4 received oral gastrointestinal administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg using a probe. A blood sample of 1.0–2.0 mL was collected from the animals through v.cutanea ulnaris into sterile heparinized tubes before the drug administration (0.0 min) and at 0.5th, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th, 18th, 24th, 36th, and 48th hours after drug administration starting at 5th minute in Group 1 and 0.25th hour in other groups. Blood plasma was separated into its own fractions. Following the extraction of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin from plasma, measurements were made using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Danofloxacin active substance was used as an internal standard (IS) in the extraction stage. Tests were performed for the sensitivity and reproducibility of the extraction method. Accordingly, HPLC showed that the time for plasma drug concentration to reach the peak value was 11.9–12.8th minutes for enrofloxacin, 8.4–9.2th minutes for ciprofloxacin, and 10.4–11.2th minutes for danofloxacin. The sensitivity of the method was determined as 0.01 µg/mL for enrofloxacin and 0.04 µg/mL for its metabolite ciprofloxacin and the recovery value of the method was found to be 75–90% for enrofloxacin and 55–70% for ciprofloxacin.  In the determination of bioequivalence, values obtained by dividing the area under the curve (AUC) of the test drug 1 and test drug 2 and plasma peak plasma concentration (Cmax) into the reference drug (0.96 and 0.97, respectively for the AUC and 0.92 and 0.97, respectively for Cmax) were found to be within acceptable limits (0.80–1.25).

Salmonella is gram negative, facultative anaerobe and zoonotic bacteria and their serotyping based on the Kauffmann-White schema according to these three different antigens including somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens. Among these serotypes, S. enterica subsp. enterica (I) is the most important factor responsible for Salmonella infections. It has been reported in several publications that Salmonella infections caused by S. Rubislaw have started to be seen in recent years with the increase of exotic animal breeding for hobby purposes. In the serotyping of Salmonella spp. positive environmental isolate sample, which was sent from a poultry establishment to the Bacteriological Diagnostic Laboratory of the Central Research Institute of Veterinary Control on 20.10.2019, Salmonella enterica serotype Rubislaw was identified. This isolate is the first specimen in which S. Rubislaw was identified. It is highly probable that similar cases in which exotic animals play an important role in transmission are more common in our country in the near future.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of flunixin meglumine as a treatment to postpone ovulation in mares, mare fertility after flunixin meglumine treatment during estrous cycles, and effects of flunixin meglumine on function of the corpus luteum after ovulation. ANIMALS 13 healthy mares. PROCEDURES A single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted. Flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h) or lactated Ringer solution (placebo treatment) was administered for 2 days to mares with a dominant follicle (≥ 35 mm in diameter) and behavioral signs of estrus. Mares then were bred by artificial insemination. Number of days to ovulation from initial detection of a follicle ≥ 30 mm in diameter, uterine edema score, and pregnancy were determined by ultrasonography; the examiner was unaware of the treatment of each mare. Serum progesterone concentrations were evaluated 5 and 12 days after ovulation by use of radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Data were available for 45 estrus cycles of the 13 mares. Number of days to ovulation from initial detection of a follicle ≥ 30 mm was not significantly affected by administration of flunixin meglumine versus the placebo. Per-cycle pregnancy rate was not significantly different between flunixin meglumine (20/24 [83%] breedings) and the placebo (13/19 [68%] breedings). Flunixin meglumine did not significantly affect behavioral signs of estrus, uterine edema, or serum progesterone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings did not support the use of flunixin meglumine to postpone ovulation in mares.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of maropitant and loperamide for the prevention and reduction of adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with administration of paclitaxel to dogs with cancer. ANIMALS 168 dogs with cancer. PROCEDURES The study comprised 2 phases. For phase 1, dogs in the intervention group were administered maropitant and loperamide followed by paclitaxel. Outcomes were compared with those for a control group that received only maropitant and paclitaxel. For phase 2, all dogs of phase 1 that did not receive maropitant and loperamide and that had adverse gastrointestinal effects were enrolled; they received maropitant and loperamide and another dose of paclitaxel. RESULTS In phase 1, significantly fewer dogs in the intervention group had adverse effects. For dogs that had adverse effects, the intervention group had a lower severity of lack of appetite and lethargy. Also, adverse effects for dogs in the intervention group were of significantly shorter duration than for the control group. In phase 2, significant reductions in adverse effects were observed after administration of maropitant and loperamide. In those dogs that still had adverse effects after administration of maropitant and loperamide, there was a significant reduction in severity of signs of nausea and lethargy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A combination of maropitant and loperamide was found to be safe for use and effective for reducing or preventing signs of paclitaxel-induced gastrointestinal effects in dogs.

High-intensity exercise can be associated with the occurrence of muscle injury, as well as the induction of an acute-phase response (APR). The present study aims to investigate the synthesis and profile of serum proteins in horses before and after participating in 2 different exercise protocols and to relate this profile to the presence or absence of muscular injury caused by exercise. Ten purebred Arabian (n = 5) and Criollo (n = 5) horses were subjected to 2 different tests on a treadmill, one consisting of short-duration and rapid-acceleration training (TRA) that was mostly anerobic and the other of long-duration and slow-acceleration training (TLD) that was predominantly aerobic. Blood samples were obtained before the beginning of exercise (T0) and at 6 post-exercise time points: immediately after (T1) and 30 min (T2), 3 h (T3), 12 h (T4), 24 h (T5), and 48 h (T6) after exercise. Hematocrit was determined by the microhematocrit method. Plasma and serum samples were prepared by centrifugation (1500 × g for 5 min) for plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, total serum proteins (TP), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and creatine-kinase (CK) serum activity. Total protein concentration and CK serum activity were determined in an automated biochemistry analyzer. Fibrinogen was determined by the heat precipitation method in microhematocrit capillary tubes. Estimated concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp) significantly decreased after TRA and estimated concentrations of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) significantly increased after both protocols at T2. Albumin increased after the TLD exercise protocol. Changes in hematocrit, haptoglobin, and albumin concentrations in horses subjected to different treadmill exercise protocols are related to a physiological response to hemoconcentration and hemolysis. Increases of AGP in the TLD protocol suggest the release of catecholamines as a response to avoid oxidative damage to tissue.