The bacterial and fungal population in the rumen fluid was measured by using different cultures media and incubation temperature. The higher mean of mesophils and staphylococci was found in the rumenal fluid of goat. While higher mean of psachrophils,, colzform and fungi count was observed in the rumenal fluid of cow. Significant mean difference among microbial population in the rumenal fluid was observed among cow, goat and buffalo concerning the mesophils bacteria. Also significant mean difference was observed in Escherchia coli mean count among goat, buffalo and cow rumenal fluid microbial population .There was no significant difference in the mean count of mesophils, coliform, staphylococci and fungi. A freshly isolated. E.coli from rumenal fluid of goat had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus.

The present study is to describe the histological characterization of rat neuromuscular receptors and their density in relationship to extrafusal muscle fibres. Neuromuscular receptors or (muscle spindles) were identified and isolated from fore and hindlimb muscles and examined by the light microscope. The _average numbers and densities of muscle spindles were found comparable to some other mammals. . Each muscle spindle was contained 2-4 intrafusal muscle fibres . Three types of intrafusal muscle fibres were distinguished as large (L), medium (M) and small (S). All muscle spindles innervated by sensory and motor nerve fibres which branching from spindle nerve trunk.

As a component of a large research programme to evaluate the effects. of contaminants on fish health in the fields , histopathological studies have been conducted to help establish meat of causal relationships between contaminants exposure and various biological responses and use of those responses as biomarker to aquatic pollution . Two fish species C. carpio and L. abu were sampled from four sites near of industrialize and human pollution areas from _ Shatt Al-Arab River ,while the fifth place was considered as control because it's far located from direct pollution sources . Some of histological and physiological alterations were examined in both gills and blood . The alterations were significantly higher in fish collected from two places ( 1 & 2 ) compare with other sites , histological was represented by hyperplasia , hypertrophy , bleeding , inflammations , edema , necrosis , epithelial separation and clubbing shaped , while , physiological was represented‘ by decrease of Na+ , K+ , Ca” concentrations , Chloride cells number and increase of respiratory diffusion distance , in addition to , increase of micronuclear of red blood cells . all fish in fifth place didn't showed any histological and physiological responses and retained their rates of the normal level compares with other places

A total of 24 adult male aged 32 weeks from Iraqi local drakes were used in this study to determined some semen characterization, drakes devided randomly into three equal groups and subjected to three semen collection frequencies (once daily, twice daily and once every 2 days) for- 18 consecutive days. The study revealed the following results: 1- Semen characteristics of Iraqi local drakes were, semen volume 0.65ml, spermatozoa concentration 3.52 X 10 9, sperm motility and Abnormality 81.64, 13.14% respectively, pll value 7.1 and individual motility 84.2%. The concentration of glucose, protein and cholesterol in semen plasma were 95.8ml/100ml, 1.22mg/ 100 ml and 102.4 Mnol/ml respectively. 2— The total mean semen volume over 18 days period and total number of spermatozoa produced by the drakes increased significantly as the collection frequency in creased from once over 2 days to twice daily from 3.42 to 8.90ml and 5.85 x 109 to 10.72 x 109 respectively. 3- The average semen volume per collection and the average number of spermatozoa per ejaculate decreased significantly as the collection frequency increased from once over 2days to twice daily from 0.91 to 0.67ml and 1.96 X 109 to 0.92 X 10 9 respectively. 1- , 4- No significantly difference showed on concentration of spermatozoa with the . frequency of collection over 3 periods. 5- Analysis of semen from birds were ejaculated twice daily was showed that the second collection inferior to the first in total number of spermatozoa, total volume of semen and concentration of spermatozoa.

The pattern of growth and carcass composition of indigenous Iraqi black goats were assessed through serial slaughter and carcass dissection of 36 kids at six different growth phases. The general linear model procedure and allometric growth ‘equations were used to assess the effects of various factors and differential growth of carcass components, ' respectively. Results showed that kids growth and carcass composition were significantly (P< 0-05 to P< O-O01) affected by the growth phase and sex of kids. The effects of growth phase clearly showed that slower growth of the body and of carcass components were observed during the third phase (i.e. after weaning). Although there was an effect on fat to lean ratios (P _ < 005), growth phase had no significant effect on dressing out proportion, and lean to bone ratios. A significant influence of sex (P < 0-O5) "was observed on lean to bone ratios. The log/log regression of weights of dissectible carcass components on hot carcass and empty body weight showed that the differential growth of bone was declining and that of lean was isometric relative to the growth of empty body weight. For carcass fat, the allometric growth coefficients (b) of 1.6 indicated that fat is a late maturing body component. Moreover the growth of carcass fat relative to empty body weight in local goat was slower than that reported for other goat breeds

This study had been done on twenty four healthy adult local female rabbits of _ mean body weight of 2 kgm and mean age of 5 months were randomly allocated into four groups of six ainmals eash; all groups were fed during the period of experiment on a diet contained 0.5 % cholesterol and 14% coconut oil. The first group was regarded as control and received 3ml of physiological saline orally‘ for a month. The second group was drenched ethanolic extract of Taraxacum ojficirzale (500 mg/kg/day) for one month; the third group first subjected to cholecystoctomy (removal of gall bladder) then drenched 500 mg/kg/day ethanolic extract of T. oflicinale for month also. The fourth group was treated with atrovastatin (0.4 mg/kg/day) for one month also. Those females were joined with males after treatment for a week to study the effect on fertility and reproductive capacity and on fetal growth. Blood samples were taken from all groups at the end of the treatment to know the effect on serum cholesterol and on enzymatic activity then after killing the animals the following organs were taken for histological study. They are pituitary and thyroid glands; ovaries and uterin from each animal of each . group. The following results were obtained:- 1. The ethanolic extract of Taraxacum ofiicinale caused highly significant increase (p

ABSTRACT _ The fertility and viability rates of hydatid cysts obtained from livers and lungs of goat,camels and buffaloes were investigated .Out of (659) cysts (198 from goat,241 from buffaloes and 220 from camels) .examined ,520(164 from goat ,156 from buffaloes and 200 from camels were fertile (containing living protoscolices).The mean viability rates in -the liver cysts of goat camel and buffalo were (77.4%, 76.8% and 76.7%) respectively whereas those in the lung cyst of the same hosts,in the same order were 81.2% 75% and - 84.65% respectively. The growth rate of lung cysts was slower than those of liver in all hosts investigated. . Three hosts investigated seem to be suitable hosts for Echinococcus granulosus .However ,goats seem to be the most significant host that contributes actively in A perptuation of life cycle of this parasite in Iraq .

Selected specimens of Carassius carassius fish were exposed to acute lead concentrations (15 , 30 and 45 MgL ), for tow periods 48 and 96 hrs The exposure to lead occurred changes in some blood parameter in treatment fish., There was an’ increasing in the R.B.C. , Hb, M.C.H., blood glucose and blood lactic acid , These changes were more clear after 96 hrs Whereas values of PCV and MCV showed decline significantly, blood serpm also appeared disturb on ionic balance represented by decreasing in(Na+ , K+ and Ca 2 ) after( 48 and 96 ) hours in treatment fish compare with control specimens.