Appropriately trained Human Resources for Health (HRH) are key inputs into One Health. '... more than 50% of all infectious diseases of humans originate from animals and that, of the emerging diseases about 75% could be traced back to animal origin' (Rweyemamu et al. 2006). A comprehensive understanding of the social determinants of health, through an appropriate training model for HRH, is a key input. This study aimed to explore if human and veterinary medical schools were using such a model or providing time for this model in their curricula. Specific objectives were to: determine the time that human and veterinary medical schools' curricula provide for subjects or courses related to the social determinants of health; analyse the curricula contents to establish how they relate to the social determinants of health; and explore how a bio-medical model may influence the graduates' understanding and practice of One Health. A review of human and veterinary graduate-level medical schools' curricula in East Africa was performed in April 2013 and May 2013. The findings were: in the curricula, SDH contents for knowledge enhancement about One Health are minimal and that teaching is Germ Theory model-driven and partisan. Out of the total training time for physicians and veterinarians, less than 10% was provided for the social determinants of health-related courses. In conclusion, the curricula and training times provided are inadequate for graduates to fully understand the social determinants of health and their role in One Health. Furthermore, the Germ Theory model that has been adopted addresses secondary causes and is inappropriate. There is a need for more in-depth model. This article suggests that a vicious cycle of ill-health model must be taught.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. It is known to be endemic in Zambia, with periodic outbreaks occurring in different geographical areas of the country. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of FMD virus (FMDV) in reported FMD-suspected cases in cattle from the Kazungula and Mbala districts of Zambia. Sixty epithelial tissues or oesophageal- pharyngeal (OP) scrapings (probang samples) were collected from Mbala (n = 51) and Kazungula (n = 9) and examined for FMDV. The FMDV viral RNA and serotypes were examined by realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and antigen Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Twenty-two samples (36.7%) were positive for the FMDV genome by qRT-PCR with Cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 13 to 31. The FMDV-positive samples from epithelial tissues showed relatively higher Ct values compared to those obtained from OP scrapings, irrespective of geographical location. Forty percent (40%; n = 4) of epithelial tissues from Mbala were serotyped into SAT 2 serotype by antigen ELISA. Kazungula samples were serotyped into SAT 1. These findings indicated that Mbala and Kazungula districts had FMD outbreaks in 2012 that were ascribed to at least FMDV serotype SAT 2 and SAT 1 field strains. Furthermore, regular interaction between buffalos from the Mosi-o Tunya Park and domestic animals from surrounding areas could contribute to the occurrence of regular FMD outbreaks in Kazungula, whilst the uncontrolled animal movements across borders between Mbala and Nsumbawanga could be responsible for disease outbreaks in Mbala. In-depth molecular biological studies, including sequencing and phylogeny of the viruses, should be conducted to elucidate the complex epidemiology of FMD in Zambia, thereby providing valuable information needed for the rational control strategy of FMD in Zambia and neighbouring countries.

The practice of One Health approaches in human and animal health programmes is influenced by type and scope of bridges for and barriers to partnerships. It was thus essential to evaluate the nature and scope of collaborative arrangements among human, animal and wildlife health experts in dealing with health challenges which demand intersectoral partnership. The nature of collaborative arrangement was assessed, and the respective bridges and barriers over a period of 12 months (July 2011 - June 2012) were identified. The specific objectives were to: (1) determine the proportions of health experts who had collaborated with other experts of disciplines different from theirs, (2) rank the general bridges for and barriers to collaboration according to the views of the health experts, and (3) find the actual bridges for and barriers to collaboration among the health experts interviewed. It was found that 27.0% of animal health officers interviewed had collaborated with medical officers while 12.4% of medical officers interviewed had collaborated with animal health experts. Only 6.7% of the wildlife officers had collaborated with animal health experts. The main bridges for collaboration were instruction by upper level leaders, zoonotic diseases of serious impact and availability of funding. The main barriers to collaboration were lack of knowledge about animal or human health issues, lack of networks for collaboration and lack of plans to collaborate. This situation calls for the need to curb barriers in order to enhance intersectoral collaboration for more effective management of risks attributable to infectious diseases of humans and animals.

Phylogeography data are of paramount importance in studying the molecular epidemiology dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). In this study, epithelial samples and oesophageal-pharyngeal fluids were collected from 361 convalescent animals (cattle and buffaloes) in the field throughout Tanzania between 2009 and 2013. The single plex real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay for rapid and accurate diagnosis of FMDV employing the Callahan 3DF-2, 3DF-R primers and Callahan 3DP-1 probe were used. Preparation of the samples was performed according to the OIE manual, with a Kenya O serotype obtained from the attenuated vaccine serving as a positive control and samples collected from healthy animals serving as true negatives. The results indicated that 53.49% of samples (n = 176) were positive for FMDV genome by qRT-PCR, with Ct values ranging from 14 to 32. In addition, molecular typing of the FMDV genome positive samples using serotype specific primers revealed the existence of several serotypes: serotype South Africa Territory 1 (SAT1) (34.25%, n = 60), serotype A (68.92%, n = 98), serotype O (59.20%, n = 98) and SAT2 (54.54%, n = 96). The virus protein 1 sequences analysis for 35 samples was performed and the collective results indicated: 54.28% serotype O, 25.71% serotype A, 14.28% serotype SAT1 and 2.85% serotype SAT2. Therefore in this study, both the phylogenetic trees and spatial distribution of serotypes elucidated the phylodynamics of multiple FMDV field strains in Tanzania and neighbouring countries.

decision makers and empowering stakeholders at local, regional, and international levels towards a coordinated fight against NZDs. ADVANZ is establishing an African platform to share experiences in the prevention and control of NZDs. The platform will compile and package existing knowledge or data on NZDs and generate evidence-based algorithms for improving surveillance and control with the ultimate aim of eliminating and eradicating these diseases. The platform will serve as a forum for African and international stakeholders, as well as existing One Health and NZD networks and harness and consolidate their efforts in the control and prevention of NZDs. The platform had its first meeting in Johannesburg, South Africa in March 2013.

The objective of this study was to explore the reasons for the persistence of human cysticercosis (HCC) transmission in Mbulu District, northern Tanzania. The study was carried out in 25 villages, whereby five major risks were identified. The risks were indiscriminate defaecation and improper use of toilets; a free-range system of keeping pigs; indiscriminate or unregulated slaughtering and inadequate meat hygiene and inspection; consumption of undercooked and porcine cysticerci infected pork; and social structure and roles. All of the identified risks were backed up by the immanent lifestyles of the community involved. These findings are important for the development of intervention strategies in the study area.

All Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) strains of Pasteurella multocida, fell into Roberts type I, P. multocida Roberts I: Carter B, the serotype is responsible for Asian HS. This study conducted to evaluate the validity of the mouse as model for HS in cattle, buffaloes, goats. A total of thirty six Swiss mice of both sexes divided into two main groups (infective and control) and each group subdivided into three groups (1st, 2nd, 3rd), each group subdivided into 2 subgroups (A, B). Each infective subgroups infected with different route (I.P and S.C) and different dose of the (Robert I :carter group B) strain as 104 cfu, 102 cfu and 50 cfu respectively for both routes. Many criteria (clinical sings, mortality, bacterial isolation from different organs, and gross pathological changes ) were used to describe infection in mice as a tool for further investigation in some large animals. The study showed that mice displayed fever, depression, anorexia, and other clinical signs 24hrs. before death which occurred between 24-72 hrs. P. multocida: Robert I: carter : B was isolated from most organs of 1st and 2nd group infected with (104 and 102 cfu) but not isolated from the brain of third group infected with 50 cfu (I.P and S.C ) also from kidney and lung of S.C B3 of the infected mice, and from all organs of the third mouse of this subgroup. Mice showed different gross pathological changes of internal organs and brain , these characterized by splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, petechial haemorrhage similar to that observed in cattle, buffaloes. These results suggest that the mouse would seem to provide an ideal tool to study HS in cattle, buffalo.

The present study was conducted in Basra province to evaluate of some minerals (copper,, zinc and cobalt) in sheep. The study constituent examination of 1400 sheep and 200 of it showed sings of mineral deficiency and 25 as a control, the study include: clinical, hematological examination, and level of serum(copper, zinc, and cobalt). A number of 200 (14.2%) sheep revealed a clinical signs of mineral deficiency from total of (1400) sheep which were clinically examined in this study, And the study showed that the values of copper, zinc, and cobalt in serum were significantly low (0.15±0.03ppm, 0.73±0.35ppm, 0.57±0.12ppm). and the most important clinical signs presented by alopecia (47.5 %), parakiratosis (18%), diarrhea (11.5%), pale mucous membrane (49%), lacrimation (6%), ataxia (4%). Also the study reveal that the body temperature within normal (39.47±0.33 C°), but increase of pulse rate, and respiratory rate in affected animals were (90.48± 4.53Min, 33.99±0.29 Min) respectively. And the study showed that the RBCc of affected sheep significantly low (6.57±0.10 *106/ml), also the PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, were significantly low (19.75±0.24 %, 6.88±0.11 g/L, 31.07±0.49 fl, 11.06±0.53 pg) respectively, whereas MCHC in affected sheep was significantly high (34.92±0.45 %) and the mean of WBCc of affected sheep were(6.43±0.11103/ml) and there is no significant different when compared with control.

Mammary tumors in five intact bitches were evaluated at the Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Duhok University. Information about the breed and age of the animals, location and number of affected mammary glands, surgical outcome, tumor recurrence and survival were recorded. All the removed tumors were histologically examined and diagnosed as malignant types.

In this study 48 rats were used and divided into four groups :- A,B,C and D each group contains 12 rats . All these groups were administrated orally with aqueous solution of thallium sulfate as 0.4 mg/kg b.w. , 0.8 mg/kg b.w. , 1.6 mg/kg b.w. respectively while the control group(A) was administrated with normal saline . This experiment was continued for 90 days . After this period all animals were anesthetized with chloroform by inhalation and sacrificed to collect blood samples for obtaining the serum which used for estimation of serum urea and creatinine , and to study histopathological changes caused by thallium sulfate toxicity on kidney tissue . Compared with control group, all treated groups showed markedly dose –dependent elevation in serum urea and creatinine, and pathological changes as dilatation and vacoulation of cortical tubules and atrophy of glomeruli and also necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules in high dose group .