Bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) was isolated from bull semen by inoculation onto chorioallantoic membrane of specific pathogen free eggs. The isolated virus was identified by agar gel precipitation test, Dot ELISA, pock reduction and neutralization test, as well as by histopathology. The isolated virus was propagated on Madin Darby Bovine Kidney cells and identified by polymerase chain reaction. In sero-survey for BHV-1 antibodies on 1091 collected serum samples 188 sera showed clear precipitation lines by AGPT

AAvian Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were investigated in different poultry farms at Beni-Suef governorate. Bacteriological examination of 160 samples which were taken from organs of freshly dead and diseased chickens revealed isolation of 50 (31.25%) isolates of Pasteurella.Spp., 16 (10%) isolates were Mannheimia hemolytica and 34(21.25%) isolates were Pasteurella multocida. Experimental infection was carried out on four weeks old Balady chickens which were inoculated with isolates of Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida separately, mortality rate in both reached to 80%. Samples were taken from dead chickens and examined bacteriolgically and histopathologicaly and Pasteurella. Spp. were reisolated from experimentally infected chickens. Antibiogram study with 10 types of chemotherapeutic agents revealed that both microorganisms were sensitive to ceftiofor, gentamycin and lincomycin + spectinomycin. The gross and microscopic pathologic lesions were variable in type and severity in field and experimentally infected cases. There was general hyperemia which most evident in veins of the abdominal viscera. Petecheal haemorrhages were frequently found and widely distributed. Livers of the most acutely affected birds were swollen and had multiple small focal areas of coagulative necrosis and heterophilic infiltration. Heterophilic infiltration also occurs in lungs and certain other parenchymotous organs.

The current work aimed to study the phenotypic and genotypic characters of oxidase positive Gram negative bacterial pathogens recovered from different pathological lesions in broiler chickens. Samples were taken from 200 Hubbard and Ross broiler chickens of different ages (3-5weeks), from different farms in Beni-Suef and El-Fayoum Governorates during the period from January 2016 to April 2016. Bacteriological examination showed that Gram negative bacteria were 165 (82.5%) of isolates of which 60 isolates (30%) were oxidase negative while 105 isolates (52.5%) were oxidase positive including 43 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 35 Aeromonas hydrophila, 12 Pasteurella gallicida, 10 Plesiomonas shigelloides, and 5 Vibrio vulnificus with incidences of 21.5%, 17.5%, 6% 5%, and 2.5%, respectively. The in-vitro sensitivity tests were applied on a total of 59 isolates; 20 P. aeruginosa, 19 A. hydrophila, 10 P. gallicida, 5 P. shigelloides and 5 V. vulnificus against 13 different antimicrobial agents and multidrug resistant isolates were detected. Multiplex-PCR was applied on 15 different MDR isolates. The results of PCR revealed that blaTEM, CIT and FOX genes were the most prevalent where they were found in 8 isolates (53.3%) followed by blaSHV which was found only in 5 isolates (33.3%)

This study was done to evaluate susceptibility, protective titer level of maternal derived antibodies(MDAbs) of different chicken breed against virulent Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) local isolate Fy97 and prediction the optimal time for vacction. All breeds were experimentally infected orally with IBDV isolate Fy97 every 5 days following detection of MDAbs by ELISA. Clinical signs, mortality, lesions and Bursal Histopathology and lesion score were taken as criteria for comparison. Morbidity rates were observed as ≥ 30% in Fayoumi and Dandrawi infected at 15 days of age and in Senawi and Baladi and Lohmann at 20 days of age All breeds showed clinical sings of infection at 30-35 days of age where Senawi breed showed the highest values (65and 70%) followed by Fayoumi (55 and 55%), Dandrawi (50%), Baladi (55-45%) and Lohmann (50-45%). Mortality rates due to IBD infection varied from 0 to 35% in respective to age, in Fayoumi and Lohmann breeds where maximum 35 and 40% occurred at 30 day of age; respectively .Mortality in Dandrawi and Senawi varied from 5 to 40% and pass in close manner at all intervals with the highest value at 30 days of age while Baladi chicks showed same values but lower only at 20 and 25 days. Mean lesion scores in Fayoumi were the lowest at all intervals followed by Lohmann, Senawi, Baladi and Dandrawi. Results of ELISA titers at time of infection showed that Senawi chicks having the highest titers followed by Lohmann, Baladi, Dandrawi and Fayoumi at most intervals. So it necessitates more clarification of the causes of these phenomena and the role of genetics in protection against IBDV infection.

A total of 200 raw food samples including milk, kareish cheese, fresh sausage and hawawshy (spiced minced meat) (Fifty of each) were randomly collected from farmer’s houses, butcher’s shops and retail markets in Beni-Suef Governorate. All were screened for the presence of E.coli O157 and Salmonella. E.coli O157 could be detected in 1 (2%) and 1 (2%) of kareish cheese and sausage samples, respectively, while it could not be detected in any of milk or hawawshy samples. Salmonella were detected in 2 (4%), 2 (4%) and 1 (2%) of kareish cheese, sausage and hawawshy samples, respectively, while they could not be recovered from the examined milk samples. The isolated serotypes from kareish cheese samples were S.menden and S.allerton, while two strains of S.III arizonae were isolated from sausage samples, but S.anatum was recovered from hawawshy samples. The public health significance of isolated strains as well as suggested control measures were discussed.

The effect of 10 times (10x) overdose of enrofloxacin was studied in broiler chickens. One hundred and eighty chicks were classified in 3 equal groups. The first group received normal theurapeutic dose of enrofloxacin (1x) in drinking water for the first 5 consecutive days of age and repeated again at 24th -28th day of age. The second group received 10x (overdose) at the same ages. The third group was left non-medicated as a control group. Blood samples were taken on the 6th, 14th, 29th and 34th day of age for different laboratory tests. Enrofloxacin at 10x caused a decrease in the value of the following parameters: HI antibody titers to NDV vaccine at the 14th and the 34th day of age, serum albumin at the 10th day of age, hemoglobin at the 29th and the 34th day, lymphocytic count and IBDV ELISA titers at 29th day of age, uric acid at 29th day, phagocytic activity at 34th day, Lactobacillus spp. count in duodenum, feed conversion efficiency and body weight gain. The 10x (overdose) increased serum urea and creatinine at 29th day of age, serum AST and ALT at 29th and 34th day of age, and heterophilic count. Histopathological degeneration in liver, spleen, kidneys, bursa of Fabricius and thymus were demonstrated by 10x (overdose) of enrofloxacin. Challenge with vNDV caused 66.6% mortality in birds received the 10x (overdose) compared with 33.3% in the vaccinated non treated control group.

Virulence-associated genes have been recognised and detected in Campylobacter species. The majority of them have been proven to be associated with pathogenicity. This study aimed to detect the presence of virulence genes associated with pathogenicity and responsible for invasion, expression of adherence, colonisation and production of the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Commercial chicken faecal samples were randomly sampled from chicken farms within the Durban metropolitan area in South Africa. Furthermore, human clinical Campylobacter spp. isolates were randomly sampled from a private pathology laboratory in South Africa. Out of a total of 100 chicken faecal samples, 78% (n = 78) were positive for Campylobacter growth on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate and from the random laboratory collection of 100 human clinical isolates, 83% (n = 83) demonstrated positive Campylobacter spp. growth following culturing methods. These samples were screened for the presence of the following virulence genes: cadF, hipO, asp, ciaB, dnaJ, pldA, cdtA, cdtB and cdtC. As expected, the cadF gene was present in 100% of poultry (n = 78) and human clinical isolates (n = 83). Campylobacter jejuni was the main species detected in both poultry and human clinical isolates, whilst C. coli were detected at a significantly lower percentage (p < 0.05). Eight per cent of the C. jejuni from human clinical isolates had all virulence genes that were investigated. Only one C. coli isolate demonstrated the presence of all the virulence genes investigated; however, the pldA virulence gene was detected in 100% of the C. coli isolates in poultry and a high percentage (71%) in human clinical C. coli isolates as well. The detection of cdt genes was found at higher frequency in poultry than human clinical isolates. The high prevalence rates of virulence genes detected in poultry and human clinical isolates demonstrate their significance in the pathogenicity of Campylobacter species.

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