Green fodder feeding is most important for milking cows. An experiment was carried out to compare the growth, performance, proximate composition and nutritive value of Bajra Napier hybrid Co(BN)5 (improved variety) with the standard variety Co(CN)4.Both the cultivars were cultivated in irrigated land comprising red sandy loam soil by following standard agronomical practices and 0.5 acre of land area was utilized for each cultivar. Fodder was harvested on 75th day after planting and subsequent harvest at every 45 days in each experimental plot. The growth and yield parameters were measured.The yield was significantly (p<0.01) higher in Co(BN)5 (360.50t/ha/year)followed by Co(CN)4(290.12t/ ha/year).The biometric observations showed the significant (p<0.05) difference in Co(BN)5 than Co(CN)4. The samples were collected for analyzing chemical composition.The results indicated that the crude protein, crude fibre, NDF, ADF and cellulose content of Co(BN)5 were significantly (p<0.01) higher than Co(CN)4. The fodder crop cultivars were analysed for IVDMD.The IVDMD of Co(BN)5 (49.18%) was significantly higher than the Co(CN)4 (43.09%). A Lactation trial was conducted in twelve cross bred cows during mid lactation period and separated into two groups with six animals in each group. One group was named as control (C) and fed with Co(CN)4 green fodder and another group named as treatment (T) and fed with Co(BN)5. The animals were housed in standard condition, dewormed and fed with clean potable drinking water ad libitum.The experiment was conducted for 90 days. Except green fodder variation, animals were offered ad libitum paddy straw and concentrate mixture according to their level of production. The feed and fodder intake, left over and dry matter intake were recorded every day. The average dry matter intake was recorded and inferred that it was significantly (P<0.05) different. The average milk yield, milk fat, solid non-fat and total solids were recorded for both groups. The average milk yield in treatment group is highly significant (p<0.01) than control group. There was no change observed in the milk fat and solid non-fat. The feed cost was calculated for every litre of milk production.The feed cost is significantly (p<0.01) reduced in treatment group due to the less requirement of Co(BN)5 fodder when compared to Co(CN)4 fodder. It is concluded that Cultivar Co(BN)5 is superior than Co(CN)4 in terms of crop growth and biomass yield. Hence, cultivation of Bajra Napier Cultivar Co(BN)5 and feeding the same to improve the milk yield in cattle is the outcome of this study.

The present study was conducted in buffaloes which were maintained at experimental animal sheds of Animal Reproduction Division, IVRI, Izatnagar. All the experimental buffaloes (n=6) were observed for onset of estrus using a teaser bull and visual signs of estrus followed by rectal examination twice daily. Animals detected in estrus were inseminated using frozen semen of Murrah buffalo. The inseminated buffaloes were allowed for real time B-mode ultrasonographic examination at 10 days interval starting from day 20 to 120 of pregnancy. Monitoring of embryonic development was carried out by viewing embryonic vesicle diameter (EVD), Crown Rump length (CRL), embryonic heartbeat, skull and placentome through ultrasonography. The mean diameter of EV was 0.52±0.12, 1.56±0.16, 2.94±0.07, 3.80±0.14 and 6.37±0.15 cm on day 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 of pregnancy, respectively. EVD increased with advancement of pregnancy and reached around 6.37±0.15 cm on day 60 of pregnancy. The CRL was 0.73±0.05, 1.45±0.55, 2.13±0.05 and 3.24±0.10 cm on day 30, 40, 50 and 60 of pregnancy, respectively. The mean heart rate was 197.33±4.60, 173.16±1.55, 162.33±1.20, 155.33±1.60, 152.16±2.58 and 146.66±2.40 per minute on days 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 120 of pregnancy, respectively. The heart rate was significantly (P<0.01) higher on day 50 of pregnancy, thereafter, it decreased with advancement of pregnancy. The mean diameter of skull  was 2.33±0.18,   2.90±0.12, 3.52±0.19   and   4.58±0.22 cm on days 60, 70, 80 and 90 of pregnancy, respectively. The skull diameter increased with the advancement of pregnancy. The accessibility of skull or head was very difficult as the pregnancy advanced into mid of the second trimester. The mean diameter of placentome increased with the advancement of pregnancy i.e. 0.38±0.01, 0.64±0.14, 1.05±0.07 and 1.26±0.08 cm on days 70, 80, 90 and 120 of pregnancy, respectively. The present study indicated use of Real time B mode transrectal ultrasonography in buffalo for early diagnosis of pregnancy, embryonic development and its viability by viewing embryonic vesicle, embryo, embryonic heart beat and other structures.

Dairying as an occupation supports and sustains the livelihood of a large number of rural people in India, especially small farmers, marginal farmers and landless labourers. To study the socio-economic profile of the dairy farmers, Viluppuram district of Tamil Nadu state was purposively selected on the basis of high cattle population. Out of the nine taluks in Viluppuram district, two taluks, namely Viluppuram and Tindivanam taluks were randomly selected from which five villages each were selected. From each of the selected villages, 10 respondents were selected randomly leading to a total of 100 respondents. The findings of the study revealed that half of the respondents were old aged, had secondary to graduate level of education and had agriculture + livestock and wages + livestock + agriculture as their occupation. Majority of the respondents also had large herd size of more than four animals with 11-20 years of dairy farming experience and no participation in training programme. Majority of the respondents had medium level of annual income, economic motivation, mass media exposure, contact with extension agency, risk orientation, proximity to marketing channels, knowledge about improved dairy husbandry practices and decision making behaviour.

Pig rearing on concentrate feed may not be economical because of higher market price of raw materials. The alternative source could be the use of swill feeding. Consequently, the impact of the swill feed on the back fat thickness and body measurements calls for investigation against concentrate feeding. Hence in the present study, an attempt was made to compare the body measurements and back fat thickness in fattener piglets which were fed with swill feed vs. concentrate feed. Body measurements were made using measuring tape and back fat thickness was recorded with Lean Meater. By statistical analysis it was found that there was no significant difference in body length, girth and back fat thickness of pigs between the treatments. This indicated that the type of feed has no effect on the body measurements and back fat thickness in fattener pigs.

Uterine torsion is twisting of uterus or its horn perpendicular to its long axis. This is a case report of uterine torsion in an adult Wistar Albino breeder. The rat was in advanced stage of gestation with no overt signs of illness. The rat was found dead with distended abdomen and four dead pups beside her in her cage. On post mortem examination, 270o uterine torsion was observed in left uterine horn in between the two dead foetuses present and there was a 360º torsion between the caudal foetus and the cervix. One dead fetus was observed in right uterine horn. Uterine torsion in this case was attributed to the foetus-maternal disproportion. Occlusion of uterine blood vessels leads to extensive uterine damage and consequent sequestration of blood to uterus might have resulted in hypovolemic shock and death of the rat. Being a rare condition in rats, uterine torsion should always be considered as a complication in parturition.

Successful obstetrical management of foetal mummification in a full term pregnant pluriparous crossbred Jersey cow by per vaginal removal of foetal parts is reported and discussed.

Copper has been known to possess antimicrobial properties since as far back as the Phoenician era where ship hulls were copper sheathed to prevent the inevitable effects of biofouling. As a consequence of evolving scientific research and development, therealization of novel materials and agents has enabled new scientific branches, such as nanotechnology. In this paper, we investigate the performance of different forms of copper coating for application as antifouling materials. Samples were deployed in Tuticorin-Newharbour for four weeks and analyzed for evidence of biofouling. It was found that copper in its nanoform, produced the greatest antifouling effectiveness in mild steel compared to other forms ofantifouling coating.

In India, curd forms one of the essential item and efficient source of probiotics supplement. Probiotics are a group of beneficial lactic acid producing bacteria which constitute the major portion of the gut micro floral population providing invaluable B-complex vitamins. In the present study, the prebiotic potential of commercially available Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) targeting, Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. was utilized to prepare smart curd and the same was examined for chemical, microbiological, sensory evaluation and compared with control curd. It has been found that addition of FOS improves the sensory parameters and did not affect the microbiological parameters and can be deemed safe for consumption.

Injectable anesthesia in farm animals been used on a routine basis in academia and in clinical practice in the United Statesof America. As an ambulatory clinician, the author has used various pharmaceuticals and combinations for sedation and short termgeneralized anesthesia, on farm animals in performing various techniques, clinical procedures,major and minor surgeries in the clinic and on the farm. There are many physical and mental challenges in dealing with farm animals when safely restraining or immobilizing them for any surgical or non-surgical procedures performed. The main goal is to effectively control the animal without injuring the /tosubject/animal or the personnel involved. In most cases, for performing physical examination or minor surgery a chute, crush, ropes, or local anesthesia is sufficient to accomplish the task. However, on certain situations, sedatives, dissociative, and systemic analgesics can provide the mental distraction needed to reduce reflex reactions and override learned behaviors. This article will review some of the common uses of sedation and anesthesia in performing both minor and major surgeries using injectable anesthetic drugs in farm animals. 

The effect of 2% lignocaine CRI during ketofol anaesthesia was studied in twelve adults dogs divided into two groups consisting of 6 animals each viz. Group-I (ketofol), Group-II (ketofol and 2% Lignocaine CRI) presented for hysterectomy procedure. Haematological and biochemical parameters were found to be within the physiological range. Ketofol along with 2% lignocaine as CRI showed no majoradvantage over ketofol alone.