A quantitative risk assessment tool was used to provide estimates of the probability that footand-mouth (FMD) virus-contaminated, smuggled animal products are fed to susceptible swine in Korea. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to attempt to distinguish between parameter uncertainty and variability, using different assumptions on the effect of cooking at home, the effect of the fresh meat, and the effect of heat treatment at garbage processing facility. The median risk estimate was about 20.1% with a mean value of 27.4%. In a scenario regarding all beef and pork were considered as fresh meat the estimated median risk was 3.4%.

We examined the teats of slaughtered cattles to investigate the prevalence of papilloma and to detect bovine papilloma virus (BPV) from those samples. Among 880 heads, 432 (49.0%) was Holstein and 448 (51.0%) was Korean native cattle. Grossly, out of 432 heads (Holstein), 263 (60.8%) had papilloma lesions on teats. However, out of 448 heads (Korean native cattle), only 33 (7.4%) had papilloma lesions on teats. Immunohistochemically, BPV antigen was detected in 35 heads (22.9%) of 153 (Holstein) which had papilloma lesions. But, in Korean native cattle, BPV antigen was detected in 1 head (3.8%) of 26.

To compare the sedative effects using intermittent intravenous bolus injection with tiletaminezolazepam (n = 5, TZ group), xylazine-ketamine (n = 5, XK group) and propofol (n = 5, PI group), we investigated the changes of hemodynamic (heart rate, arterial pressure), SpO₂, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and pain score during 60 minute sedation and 40 minute recovery period in beagle dogs. The value of rectal temperature was significantly higher in PI groups (p less than 0.05) during recovery period. The value of heart rate was significantly lower in XK group (p less than 0.05) during sedation. The changes of respiratory rate were similar tendency in all groups.

This experiments was designed to observe the effect of period and dose of ingestion of grapes on renal failure in dog. After the dogs had been mixed of general feed, raisins from U.S.A and fresh grapes from Chile selling in Korea. We observed the clinical sign, and analyzed the blood and urine using by biochemical test. The experiment was executed by the two following groups. The experiment group 1. derived renal failure by supplying the mixed general feed with fresh grapes and dry grapes 15 g per weight kg, 2 times a day (AM 09, PM 21), the experiment group 2. executed to derive renal failure by supplying the mixed general feed with fresh grapes and dry grapes 40 g per weight kg, 2 times a day.

Objective-To determine mortality rate over time, risk factors for death, and heritability of life expectancy in Boxers. Animals-1,733 purebred Boxers born in The Netherlands between January 1994 and March 1995. Procedure-Dogs were followed up from weaning (ie, 49 days of age) to 10 years of age through use of a written questionnaire sent to owners every 6 months. Mortality rate over time, risk factors potentially associated with death, and heritability of life expectancy were examined by use of a proportional hazards model based on the Weibull distribution. Results Estimated mortality rate during the 10-year study period for this birth cohort of Boxers was 45%. The probability of surviving to 5 years of age was 88%; the probability of surviving to 10 years of age was 55%. Estimated effective heritability of life expectancy was 0.076, meaning that in this population, an estimated 76% of the observed variation in life expectancy could be attributed to genetic differences among dogs that were passed from parents to their offspring. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that cumulative incidence of death from weaning to 10 years of age among this birth cohort of Boxers was 45%. The estimated heritability of life expectancy suggested that life expectancy can be improved by use of selective breeding.

5371 This review focuses on the status of infectious diseases that are serious for animal health and have adverse economic effects in Mongolia. Data presented here are limited due to the lack of published or other easily available documents. Foot-and-mouth disease continues to cause substantial economic losses as exemplified by the outbreak of infection with serotype O PanAsia lineage virus. In the case of the 2001 outbreak, a 65%reduction in export revenues was recorded. In order to ascertain the free status of Mongolia from rinderpest, sero-epidemiological surveillance has been carried out since 2001. In 2004, Mongolia was certified free from rinderpest by Office Interna-tional des Epizooties (OIE). A sharp rise in both animal and human brucello-sis incidence has become a serious problem. Rabies and anthrax remain endemic with occasional human cases. Other prevailing infectious diseases are contagious pustular dermatitis, contagious agalactia, enterotoxemia and ¡pas-teurellosis. The current programs for the control of infectious diseases in livestock in Mongolia lack a definite policy that would enable rapid implementation. A large-scale surveillance of infectious diseases in animals and management of appropriate preventive measures are urgently required in Mongolia.

The consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of various ailments, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Carotenoids, such as lycopene and beta-carotene, are natural constituents of edible plants and may protect against disease. In this study, the influence of lycopene and beta-carotene on DNA damage caused by catechol-estrogens in vitro is examined. One possible mechanism by which catechol estrogens such as 4- hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) and 2- hydroxyestradiol, which cause DNA damage in naked plasmid DNA as well as in cells, contributing to the process of carcinogenesis, is through the generation of reactive oxygen species. It was found that both carotenoids at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 10 MicroM significantly inhibit strand breakage induced by 4- OHE2/copper sulphate by up to 90%in plasmid DNA with beta-carotene being slightly more effective. No pro-oxidant or cytotoxic effects were observed at the concentrations tested. These carotenoids had a similar, though reduced effect on DNA damage as measured by the comet assay, in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. The results obtained show that both lycopene and beta-carotene, most probably and mainly through their potent antioxidant properties, are able to inhibit catecholestrogen-mediated DNA damage.

A cDNA clone encoding a prohibitin-like protein (Toprh) was isolated from a piroplasm cDNA library of Theileria orientalis and its nucleotide sequence was determined. An open reading frame, encoding a polypeptide of 278 amino acid residues, was found in Toprh cDNA sequence. An intron of 89 bp was identified when this cDNA clone was compared with the Toprh gene in the genome of T. orientalis. The deduced amino acid sequence of Toprh shares 93.8, 93.1 and 69.1% identities with the prohibitins of T. parva (from chromosome 1), T. annulata (from chromosome 1), and Plasmodium falciparum, (from chromosome 10), respectively. By Western blot analysis, Toprh was found to be expressed in the piroplasm stage of the parasites.

In the present study, we demonstrated that heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was present in both canine reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes, and that the canine Hsp 70 in reticulocytes was decreased along with the maturation of the cells into erythrocytes. These results suggest that the Hsp 70 in canine reticulocytes might act as a chaperone to remove unnecessary proteins during reticulocyte maturation. We also demonstrated that Hsp 70 was present in exosomes from reticulocytes during their maturation in in vitro culture. Furthermore, the concentration of Hsp 70 in reticulocyte membranes was increased in proportion to an increase of the protein in exosomes until 48 hours after the incubation of reticulocytes in vitro. At 96 hours of the incubation, however, only a trace amount of Hsp 70 was detected in the membrane, while a large amount of the protein was present in the exosomes. These results suggest that Hsp 70 in canine reticulocytes might play an important role for exosome formation in reticulocytes, resulting in the maturation of the cells.

The CKH-Jsr (jumbled spine and ribs) mouse was found as a spontaneous mutant with malformation of vertebrae, that is, a short trunk and kinky tail. We examined Lunatic Fringe (Lfng and Uncx4. 1 expression in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and somites of Jsr-mutant (CKH-Jsr/+) embryos to elucidate pathogenesis of the Jsr mutation. Expression pattern of Lfng in the PSM of Jsr-mutant embryos was similar to that of the normal (C57BL/6) embryos. However, expression pattern of Uncx4. 1 in the somites of Jsr-mutant embryos was impaired to be irregular and mosaic, suggesting that the anterior-posterior (A-P) polarity is disordered in the Jsr mutant. These results indicate that the Jsr mutation disrupts the A-P polarity of somites during the somitogenesis without altering Lfng expression pattern in the PSM.