A total of 220 random meat samples of different animal species were collected from 50 carcasses consisting 10 carcasses from each of beef, buffalo, camel, sheep and goat, as well20 frozen beef samples. Each carcass represented by four cut samples from neck, shoulder, abdomen and thigh. All samples were collected from random retail and butchers’ shops ofBeni-Suef governorate to assess their microbiological status and compare the levels of contamination among animal species and carcass cuts. This study showed and compared the means of counts (CFU/g) of total aerobicbacteria (mesophilic count and psychrophilic count), coliforms,fecal coliforms,Escherichia coli,Staphylococcusaureus in each of beef, buffalo, camel, sheep and goat carcasses and imported frozen beef as well. Beside the incidence of E.coli, Salmonellaspp, and coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. The obtained results clarified that the examined beef, buffalo and mutton samples were more contaminated than those of other kinds of meat. The results were discussed from the hygienic point of view and compared with the national and international standards to assess their reliability for consumption.

Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonotic disease causing approximately 6% of total human deaths. Its economic losses are not only a reduction of 10-20% in milk production and weight, but also infertility and condemnation of meat. Many serological tests are applied for detection of tuberculosis. ELISA test has the highest sensitivity and specificity than the other serological tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several forms of new technology were brought into the diagnostic approach to mycobacterial infection. The aim of this work was to detect bovine tuberculosis by application of different serological tests. Tuberculin skin test was applied on 2650 cattle, only 63(2.4%) were positive. Forty eight (76.2%) of the slaughtered positive animals showed visible lesions (VL) while the other 15 (23.8%) had non-visible lesions (NVL). The bacteriological examination of the 63 samples revealed isolation of M. bovis from 47 processed samples (74.6%). The results of the immunoassay test have detected 27 out of the tuberculin positive cattle, while the ELISA has detected 34 out of the positive reactor cattle. It was concluded that immunoassay and ELISA tests act as complementary tests for tuberculin skin test especially in anergic cattle.

Infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian influenza (AI) are highly contagious and the most economically important diseases of the poultry affecting the respiratory tract and causing economic losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. In the present study, 180 broiler flocks were sampled from 6 different Egyptian provinces (Giza, Qaluobia, Sharqia, Menofia, Al Behira and Fayoum) during 2014 to 2015. The birds showed respiratory illness and they were examined for 4 respiratory viral diseases; avian influenza (AI subtype H5 and H9), vNDV and IBV. All farms were vaccinated against IBV, ND and AI and were investigated using RT-PCR. The results showed that 41 out of 180 broiler farms were positive for either IBV or vND or AI-H5 and AI-H9 as a single infection as follows: 24, 10, 5 and 2 farms respectively. There were 62 farms detected as mixed infection, the highest incidence was shown in 40 farms co-infected with IBV and AI (H9) and 11 with IBV and vNDV, rRT-PCR results for each governorate separately go more or less parallel to that of all governorates collectively, There was no clear geographical preferences in positive viruses among governorates. Mortality rate and clinical signs incidence showed the highest percentage for birds reared in winter and Autumn compared with the other seasons. The results revealed that IBV as a single or a mixed infection had a major role in the respiratory problem in the field.

The histopathological diagnosis of muscle necrosis and hyalinosis frequently poses considerable difficulty and has a contradictory diagnosis. The present study described the morphologic features of nine clinically affected chicken pectoral muscles and one normal muscle using fluorescence microscopy on formalin fixed-paraffin embedded tissues. Histopathological examination of samples (normal and necrosed) was routinely done using stained sections with heamatoxylin and eosin. Sections examined by fluorescent microscopy showed significant or intense autoflouresncence in necrosed muscles. The subsequent image/color analysis of the fluorescent images was carried out to characterize the color intensity of autofluorescence emitted from chickens' muscles and to compare autoflourescence with the normal ones. In necrosed muscles, samples exhibited a marked increase in fluorescence intensity. Normally stained section with non-specific autoflourescent revealed 99.48% for normal specimens compared to 82.93% for necrosed ones, and that of specific autoflourscent revealed 0.62% for normal specimens compared to 17.08% for necrosed ones. The technique allows imaging of chickens muscle samples, facilitating the determination of the degree of necrosis throughout the muscle using statistical analysis, particularly in those related to comparative pathology, and avoiding the disadvantages of routine histopathological examination.

he present study aimed to prepare a combined inactivated vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea genotype-1(BVD-1),bovine viral diarrhea genotype-2 (BVD-2), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR),parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV) and adjuvanted with montanide oil ISA 206. Quality control results proved that the pneumo-5 vaccine was pure and completely safe to be used in calves without abnormalities. Potency test was performed on two groups of calves three for each group, where the first group was vaccinated with pneumo-5 vaccine adjuvant with montanide oil ISA 206 and the second group was left as non-vaccinated control group. In group (1), serum neutralization test revealed that the serum neutralizing antibody titers in BVD-1 and BVD-2 developed more higher than the minimal acceptable titer of the protective level (log10 0.9), while log10 0.6 was protective against IBR, PI-3 and BRS viruses at one month of vaccination and remained protective till the end of experiment compared to group (2) that showed no neutralizing antibody response. The prepared vaccine proved to be highly potent as the developed BVD-1, BVD-2, IBR, PI-3 and BRSV antibodies remained within the protective level for 9 months post vaccination.

Evaluation of the real-time PCR, rose bengal test (RBT), competitive ELISA, and complement fixation test (CFT) was done on 335 camels sera. Real-time PCR, classified 335 camel serum samples to 268 (80%) as positive and 67 (20%) as negative. Real-time PCR, using species specific primers, distinguished 94/104 serum samples due to B. abortus, 4/104 samples due to B. melitensis and 6/104 due to mixed infection. The results of serological tests revealed that modified mRBT75 using 75 µl of serum, detected the highest number of positive samples 271 (80.9%), while 262 (78.2%), 257 (76.7%), 253 (75.5%) and 245 (73.1%) samples were found to be positive for brucellosis using CFT, cELISA, mRBT50, and RBT25, respectively. Compared to other serological tests, the CFT proved to have the best results in the criteria of test validations, namely; specificity (88%), PPV (96.9%), NPV (80.8%), PLR (7.9), NLR (0.06) and DOR (133.8). The Kappa (K) statistic agreements values between real-time PCR and rose bengal (RBT25), modified (mRBT50), (mRBT75), cELISA and CFT was 0.562 (± 0.053), 0.613 (± 0.052), 0.725 (± 0.048), 0.710 (± 0.047) and 0.801 (± 0.041), respectively. The authors recommend the use of real-time PCR on camel sera to confirm the disease.

The experiment applied on four groups of calves, each of four calves. Three calves from each group were vaccinated with one of the following attenuated vaccines: Lumpy skin disease vaccine (LSD), Romanian sheep pox (RSP) vaccine, Held goat pox (HGP) vaccine and dual (bivalent) vaccine of SPV and GPV. All vaccines were evaluated by estimating the cellular immunity using lymphocyte blastogenesis measured by XTT assay, and humeral immunity using serum neutralization and ELISA tests of vaccinated calves. The NI coincided with the ELISA antibody results and corroborated the results of cell mediated immunity which demonstrated the capacity of LSD and dual vaccines to induce immune response higher than SP vaccine and GP vaccines. In conclusion, the current study proved that the LSD and dual vaccines were highly immunogenic than the RSP and HGP vaccines, and dual vaccine could be safely used for vaccination of cattle against lumpy skin disease.

Brucellosis is considered an economically important highly contagious and zoonotic bacterial disease of water buffaloes. Control of brucellosis in buffaloes is very important for public health. The efficacy of control program depends on the detection and eradication of infected animals coupled with vaccination and application of biosecurity. This study was carried out to control the brucellosis in buffalo farm in Assuit Governorate, Egypt during the period from April 2015 to August 2016. Out of 620 unvaccinated buffaloes, 87 (14.03%) aborted. Moreover, 90/620(14.51%), 82/620(13.22%), 82/620(13.22%), and 80/620 (12.9%) buffaloes were serologically positive by BAPA, RBPT, m SAT and Riv.T, respectively. Three isolates were differentiated as Brucella melitensis, biovar 3, one strain isolated from one vaginal swap out of 10 Riv.T. positive recently aborted buffaloes (10%) and two strains were isolated out of ten milk samples of Riv.T. positive buffaloes (20%). Eighty serological positive buffaloes to Riv.T were culled from the herd, while 60 serological negative heifers were vaccinated by Brucella abortus S 19 vaccine, with a dose of 3-8×109 cfu/5ml and monitored for serological titer for 240 days. After 6 months of vaccination, the number of serologically positive calves declined marginally to 50 (83.33%), 40 (66.67%), 50 (83.33%), 0 (0%), 40 (66.67%) and 0 (0%) by BAPA, RBPT, mSAT, CFT, iELISA and cELISA, respectively. Three successive serological tests every three weeks were done by screening tests, BAPA and RBPT and confirmed by Riv.T. At the end of the control program, all examined buffaloes were serologically negative. Application of biosecurity in the farm was applied by the sanitary disposal of aborted material and application of proper disinfectants at its recommended work strength and contact time.