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Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on ruminal detoxification of aflatoxin B1
2017
Karazhyan, Reza | Shaker Sheyda, Iraj | Mehraban sangatash, Masoomeh | Tajalli, Faeze | Mojtahedi, Mohsen | Sadegh, Mohammad
BACKGROUND: Yeasts are microorganisms that have the ability to absorb aflatoxins. Objectives: The effect of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PTCC 5177) on aflatoxin B1 detoxification and absorption of toxin in in vitro (the cow rumen) was investigated. METHODS: For this purpose, the yeast used in various treatments (live-treated, autoclave, heat-treated, treated with acid 100 °C) was prepared and added to the rumen of cattle. Aflatoxin B1 in different doses (0, 5, 10, 20) ppb in the rumen were added and were incubated at 37°C for one and two hours. The amount of toxin residues was measured by ELISA using Europroxima kits. RESULTS: The results showed that microorganisms that have been treated in an autoclave have the highest amount of toxin removal (90.5%) (p<0.05). Also, with increases in the incubation time, the amount of toxin absorbed significantly increased (78%) (p<0.05) and with increasing concentrations of toxin in vitro the yeast’s ability to absorb toxin increases. These results demonstrate that the major toxin is absorbed by the yeast cell wall and therefore non-living microorganisms shown an ability to absorb higher. This is because the composition of the yeast cell wall mannoprotein that are effective at absorb in toxin. CONCLUSIONS: As a strategy for the animal feed industry the use of glycomannan yeast cell wall can be useful for reducing aflatoxin B1.
Show more [+] Less [-]The effect of oral administration of pregnant cow’s milk on male rat’s spermatogenesis
2017
Hamidiya, Zeynab | Tajik, Parviz | zendehdel, morteza | Dezfoulian, Omid | Sasani, Farhang
BACKGROUND: Nowadays, infertility is one of the major problems of human societies. OBJECTIVES: To study oral administration of bulk milk and milk of late pregnant cows on spermatogenesis of male rats. METHODS: The first group of rats from day 1 of pregnancy until the end of lactation and then their male pups to maturity were treated with late pregnant cow’s milk. The second group from day 12 of pregnancy up to 15 days after delivery was treated with late pregnant cow’s milk. The third group of rats from day 1 of pregnancy until the end of lactation and then their male pups to maturity were treated with bulk milk. The fourth group from day 12 of pregnancy up to 15 days after delivery was treated with bulk milk. Rats in the control group during the study period were only fed with special food of rats and at the end viability, types of movement (progressive and in-place movement, immobility), number of sperms and also the serum testosterone level were elevated. RESULTS: Administration of both types of milk had no effect on in-place movement and also viability of sperms of experimental groups but they could cause a significant increase in sperm immobility and a significant decrease in number of sperms of experimental groups. Also,the level of serum testosterone of experimental groups was significantly reduced in comparison with control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, it was determined consumption of late pregnant cow’s milk and bulk milk when it contains high estrogen can cause changes in some sperm species that are involved in male reproduction.
Show more [+] Less [-]Molecular surveillance of gamma coronaviruses in pigeon flocks, Tehran province, 2014-2015
2017
Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, Arash | Karimi, Vahid | Abdi Haji, Mohammad Reza | Vasfi Marandi, Mahdi | Hashemzadeh, Masoud | Maghssoudloo, Hosein | Madhi, Ali
BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses have a wide range of host tropism causing respiratory, enteric and central nervous system diseases in pigs, cats, dogs, rodents, cattle, avian species and human. Coronaviruses undergo genetic mutations and recombination at high rates which make them able to infect a wide range of host species from different geographical locations. According to the possible existence of gammacoronavirus in Iranian bird population including pigeons and lack of information about virus prevalence, isolation and molecular characterization of pigeon coronaviruses are needed. OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to detect avian coronavirus in flocks of Tehran province. METHODS: samples were randomly collected from 25 pigeon flocks of Tehran province (250 tracheal swabs and 250 cloacal swabs, 20 specimens from each flock) between 2014-2015. The viral RNA was extracted from swab samples and RT-PCR reaction was run using the QIAGEN one-step RT-PCR Kit with primers targeting nucleocapsid (N) gene and 3’ untranslated region (3’-UTR) of gammacoronavirus. RESULTS: Gammacoronavirus was detected in one out of 25 (4%) flocks. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study approve the presence of gammacoronaviruses in pigeon population and help to complete the map of epidemiology of the virus in Iran. According to the low prevalence rate of coronavirus in pigeons, samples should be collected from pigeons showing respiratory or enteric signs of disease or from pigeons having contact with other birds or those which are housed near poultry farms.
Show more [+] Less [-]Molecular analysis of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA in Escherichia coli isolated from cloacal samples in wild pigeons (Columba livia) and determination of their antibiotic resistance
2017
Mohammadzadeh, Abdolmajid | Mahmoodi, Pezhman | Ashrafi tamai, Iradj | Sharifi, Aram
BACKGROUND: Pigeons can be carriers for some human and animal pathogens, one of the most important of which is Escherichia coli. OBJECTIVES: This bacterium is responsible for outbreaks of many human diseases. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli in cloacal area of pigeons in Tehran city (Iran), and determine the prevalence of some virulence genes and also antibiotics resistance pattern of isolates. METHODS: Altogether 117 samples of pigeon feces were collected from cloacal swab. The identification of bacteria was done by culture on differential culture media. Then antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion method. Isolates were tested for the presence of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Escherichia coli were detected in 82.9% of 277 samples from pigeons. Sulfamethoxazole was the least effective drug (85.6% resistance), followed by tetracycline (83.5%). No resistance was detected to co-amoxiclav. The prevalence of stx1, stx2 and eaeA is 3.09%, 6.18% and 2.06% respectively and hlyA was not found in any of isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of stx1 and stx2 distribution in animals and birds is not well understood as yet. Due to the close relationship of humans with birds like pigeons and presence of STEC strains in apparently healthy birds, necessitates considering precise regulations to restrict and prevent the prevalence of this life- threatening virus in Iran.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effect of different salinity concentration on gill of benni Barbus sharpeyi
2017
Morovvati, Hassan | Abdi, Rahim | Shamsi, Mohammad Mahdi
BACKGROUND: Benni of cyprinidae family is important for nutrition and economic and commercial species in the south of Iran and the Persian Gulf region. OBJECTVES: To investigate the importance of compatibility of fishes with different salinity in different areas and ability of osmoregulation along with maintenance of homeostasis. METHODS: For this study, 144 healthy Barbus sharpeyi with an average weight of 350±2.36 grams and length 25±1.25 cm in five groups were studied. The first group as control was located in municipal dechlorinated water and the next four groups respectively were kept in salinity 4ppt, 8ppt, 12 ppt and 16ppt in the same condition. On days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 the second gill arch with maximum thickness of 0.5 cm from the left were prepared and placed in Bouin’s solution.Then the standard method of paraffin sections was done and tissue sections, 5-6 micrometer thick were prepared and stained with H&E methods. RESULT: Results showed the gradual transfer of fish to water with high salinity caused obvious changes in the number and distribution of chloride cells on different days. In particular, the changes in the size of these cells in two positions, filament and Lamella were evident. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the decrease of freshwater resources, from this research it can be concluded that the Barbus sharpeyi can resist the salinity without tissue changing. These findings suggest that Barbus sharpeyi is compatible with salinity and the concentration of 4ppt was optimum and concentrations of 8ppt and 12 ppt were tolerable.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effects of Betaine on growth and blood indices changes of broilers under heat stress
2017
عزیز مسگری, زاهد | دانشیار, محسن | آقازاده, علی میرزا
BACGROUNDS: Heat stress causes the lower performance in broiler chickens. OBJECTIVE: This research was conducted to investigate the effect of betaine supplementation in broiler chickens under heat stress condition. METHODS: Two hundred one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates per treatment and 10 birds per each replicate. The experimental treatments were the heat stressed birds fed the different levels of 0.0 (without any dietary supplement), 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% betaine. The experimental diets were added to the diets during the finisher period (day 25 to 42 of age) and under heat stress condition (32±1º C from 9.00 AM to 5.00 PM). RESULTS: The results showed that feed consumption was not affected by betaine supplementation. Consumption of 0.2% betaine resulted in a higher weight gain during the whole period as compared to 0.05 betaine and control diet (P<0.05). The consumption of all betaine levels caused the decreased feed conversion ratio during the finisher period (P<0.05) and 0.2% betaine resulted in lowest feed conversion ratio between the experimental treatments. Dietary betaine supplementation had no effect on internal organ weights of heart, liver, abdominal fat, spleen and bursa at day 42 of age (P>0.05). Furthermore, consumption of different betaine levels had no effects on blood indices, the amounts of blood enzymes and antioxidant status at day 42 of age (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Totally, the consumption of 0.2% betaine improves the performance without any effects on blood indices and internal organs under heat stress condition.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effect of Antioxidant organic sulfur compounds on performance, prooxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB) of the Eimeria-infected broiler chickens
2017
pourali, Mostafa | Golian, Abolghasem | Kermanshahi, Hasan | Razmi, Golamreza
The effect of Antioxidant organic sulfur compounds on performance, prooxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB) of the Eimeria-infected broiler chickensBACKGROUND: Use of Garlic Powder (GP) and Total Sulfur Amino acid (TSAA) can improve redox status of broiler chickens fed with and infected by Eimeria and recover the negative effects of coccidiosis. OBJECTIVES: This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of GP and TSAA on feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and prooxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB) of the chickens challenged with Eimeria oocysts species mix. METHODS: A 2×2×2 split-plot-factorial arrangement of treatments was used. 400 day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were equally assigned to two plots (4 treatments each). Two hundred of the chickens were challenged with Eimeria oocysts species mix by oral inoculation at day 34 (infected plot) and the others were left as unchallenged (uninfected plot). In each plot, broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments and fed one of following diets: basal diet, basal diet plus 0.5% GP, basal diet plus 50% more TSAA based on Ross 2009 recommendations, basal diet plus 0.5 % GP and 50% more TSAA based on Ross 2009 recommendations. RESULTS: The results showed that after inoculation birds with 7.5×102 Eimeria oocysts species mix significantly (p<0.05) reduced the FI to 20% and increased FCR to 14% and also increased serum PAB (p<0.05), especially for infected broilers that were fed with basal diet, however, supplementation of GP and TSAA were better for broiler chickens in infected plot than uninfected plot. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that addition of GP and TSAA to diet may recover the negative effects of coccidiosis and improve the performance and redox of broiler chickens infected by Eimeria.
Show more [+] Less [-]Differentiation of Infectious bursal disease viruses isolated from Iranian poultry flocks using real-time RT-PCR and high resolution melt curve analysis
2017
Peighambari, Seyed Mostafa | Cheraghchibashi, Mehdi | Hosseini, Hossein
BACKGROUND: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious disease of young birds. Differentiation between classical virulent and very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) isolate is very important for the poultry industry to choose the right vaccination program. Molecular and serological tests are time consuming and have variable sensitivity. However, the melting curve analysis is relatively fast method with high precision. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the melting curve analysis for differentiation of some Iranian IBDVs which their identity had been previously determined by RT-PCR/RFLP analysis. METHODS: In this study, after RNA extraction and reverse transcription and Real Time RT- PCR of IBDVs, high melting resolution at temperatures ranging from 81 to 92°C were performed. RESULTS: The findings of this study showed that in the high resolution melting curve analysis, the viruses were classified from A to D. Three vaccine strains of D78, Gumbokal, Bursa CE; IBD L; Bursine 2; and all field viruses were placed in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. High resolution melting curve analysis after normalization also showed all viruses of this study were placed in 4 HRM genotypic group. Three strains, D78, Gumbokal, Bursa CE, produced similar and non-differentiable curve but were different from other vaccine and field strains. Two other vaccine strains, IBD L and Bursine 2, were different from each other and other viruses. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the real-time RT-PCR HRM technique is cost-effective and reliable among the currently used methods and can be used for differentiation of IBDV isolates.
Show more [+] Less [-]Anatomical, Histological and Histochemical study of Eustachian tube in the Adult River Buffalo
2017
Hashemi, Sayed Rashid | Soltanalinejad, Farhad | Najafi, Gholamreza | Shahrooz, Rasoul
BACKGROUND: The Eustachian tube is an osteocartilaginous channel connecting the tympanic cavity with the nasopharynx. There is no anatomical and histological research performed on this organ in buffalo. OBJECTIVES: Anatomical and histological study of Eustachian tube in buffalo will be useful for basic knowledge of this organ. METHODS: For this study 8 adult male and female buffalo's head were provided from slaughter house and their Eustachian tube were studied anatomically, then tissue samples were obtained and paraffin sections were prepared for using of staining methods such as H&E (for general study), Verhoff (for elastic fibers), PAS (for carbohydrates) and Masson's Trichrome Stainning Kit (for collagen fibers). RESULTS: Anatomical results showed Eustachian tube was white and funnel- like tube, no curve and structurally supported by cartilage and in both sexes they had the same structure. Histological and Histochemical results showed the epithelium of Eustachian tube in buffalo is pseudostratified ciliated columnar and in some regions of the Eustachian tube epithelium was stratified squamous. In the first portion of Eustachian tube cartilage was elastic and then eustachian tube cartilage was hyaline. The glands of Eustachian tube in buffalo were mucous and non folicular tubal tonsil could be found around the pharyngeal opening with obviously lymphoid tissue. CONCLUSIONS:. The results of this research can be used as the basic anatomical and Histological knowledge in buffalo..
Show more [+] Less [-]Study of Nitrate content and the effective factors on it in the cucumbers of Jiroft area
2017
doomary, hossein | kamkar, abolfazl | sharifi, hamid
AbstractAbstractBACKGROUND: The vegetables with high amount of Nitrate have a lot of detrimental effects on the human and animal health. The high amount of Nitrate results in some diseases such as Stomach cancer, Leukemia, cancer of the lymphatic nodes or NHL (Non-Hodgkin lymphoma), blue body syndrome, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal diseases in human. Since 80% of Nitrate enters the human body by vegetables the measurement of Nitrate and the investigation of affecting factors on its accumulation in vegetables are of crucial importance especially at areas with high consumption of vegetables. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the present study were monitoring the Nitrate amount in green cucumber and the most effective factors on it. METHODS: Overally, 210 samples were collected and analyzed from different farmlands of Jiroft city during one sowing season. The Nitrate content of the samples was measured by Salicylic acid and spectrophotometry method. RESULTS: The results showed that the average of Nitrate content in the collected samples is 112.12 mg/wet kg and 29 samples (13% out of 210 samples) have Nitrate concentration higher than standard level. Moreover, it was revealed that the factors such as type of planting, irrigation, soil, fertilizer, harvest season, age of sample, temperature, weather, sampling location in the farm, distance between bushes, weeds and farmer financial status have direct influence on the Nitrate content of the green cucumber in Jiroft area. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that different factors are affecting on the Nitrate accumulation in the cucumber and a healthy product with standard Nitrate content can be produced by considering the studied factors in this work.
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