Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the intensity of phage infection caused by Phage SAvB14, which was isolated from dairy farms, depending on the initial number of Staphylococcus aureus cells in the medium. Material and methods: To evaluate the impact of the viable bacteria S. aureus var. bovis on the intensity of phage infection caused by Phage SAvB14, 1 mg of phagolysate (phage titer 105 CFU/ ml) was introduced in 9 ml of nutrient broth with an appropriate amount of daily culture of S. aureus var. bovis under study. The number of viable staphylococci was determined by total viable count/ml. Results: In this experiment, we found that the intensity of phages lytic activity was dependent on the number of sensitive bacterial cells in the volume of the culture medium. Effective phage ther¬apy requires a high concentration of phages in the medium (inflammation foci) for rapid contact of the virus with bacteria. Conclusion: When developing a phage drug to treat subclinical mastitis, it is necessary to increase the phage titer in the drug or its dosage compared to the clinical form, as there is a lower proba¬bility of phage contact with a susceptible microbial cell. Besides, at a high concentration of bacte¬ria, there is a gradual decrease in nutrients in the medium, resulting in phages going back to the condition of lysogeny. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 509-513]

Objective: This study aimed to identify the effect of complete pellet feed on animal performances in both on-station and on-farm trials conducted on growing goats. Materials and Methods: A complete pellet feed was developed with 40% roughage (rice straw) and 60% concentrate [rice polish (50%), maize crush (16%), soybean meal (20%), molasses (10%), salt (2%), Dicalcium Phosphate (1%), vitaminmineral premix (0.5%), and pellet binder (0.5%)] for commercial goat production and the research trial was carried out on the research station and on the farmers validation level. Results: The results of the experiment on the effect of the developed complete pellet feed on goat production under stall feeding condition demonstrated that feeding complete pellet feeds helped in increasing the daily body weight gain of goats (36.96 and 52.46 gm, respectively) compared to traditional semi-intensive feeding (17.76 gm) with significantly (p < 0.05) better body condition score of goats. Feed Conversion Ratio was considerably lower (5.7) in the pellet feeding group than in the other groups where no pellet feed was used (8.32 and 8.03). Significantly (p < 0.05) lower feed price per kg weight gain was also observed in the pellet feeding group (BDT 124.22) compared to other groups (BDT 203.85 and BDT 214.74, respectively). Conclusion: The results suggest that complete pellet feed can be more economical for commer¬cial goat production under the stall feeding condition, and farmers can be benefited by about 40% more compared to conventional grass, urea molasses straw, and concentrate-based feeding system. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 704-709]

Objective: Annual health screening inclusive of heart workup is recommended for the detection of heart diseases, especially in asymptomatic patients (no clinical signs). This study determined the occurrences of the common heart disease and the risk factors in apparently healthy cats. Material and methods: This prospective study that screened 59 healthy cats and the status of the heart were evaluated based on a combination of findings from physical examination, electrocar¬diography, blood pressure measurement, routine blood test, urinalysis, and total thyroid level. Results: Approximately 40.7% (n = 24/59) of the apparently healthy cats were diagnosed with heart disease hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (62.5%) remains to be the most commonly diag¬nosed. The mean age was 4.9-year old (age range, 7-month-old to 19-year-old). The prevalence was higher in males (45.0%; n = 17/38) cats, especially the domestic shorthairs (46.0%; n = 11/24). Among the healthy cats with vertebral heart scale (VHS) > 8.0, only 52% (n = 12/23) of them were diagnosed with cardiomyopathy. However, 33% (n = 12/36) of the cats with normal VHS &#8804; 7.9 were diagnosed with heart disease. Consistently, all healthy cats with abnormal heart sounds were diagnosed with heart disease. About 31.4% (n = 16/51) of these cats with typical heart sound had cardiomyopathy too. Conclusion: The occurrence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats has no association with the patients age, sex, and VHS, except for the heart sound. Echocardiography remains the best diagnostic tool, as normal heart size and normal heart sound do not exclude cardiomyopathy in this group of apparently healthy cats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 501-508]

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the veracities of most admired strategy dis¬criminant analysis (DA), in comparison to the artificial neural network (ANN) for the anticipation and classification of milk production level in Holstein Friesian cattle using their performances. Materials and Methods: A total of 3,460 performance records of imported and locally born Holstein Friesian cows were gathered during the period from 2000 to 2016 to compare two alter¬native techniques for predicting the level of production based on performance traits in dairy cattle with the use of statistical software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0). Results: The findings of the comparison indicated that ANN was more impressive in the expec¬tancy of milk production level than did an imitator statistical method based on DA. The accuracy of the ANN model was high for the winter season (79.5%), whereas it was 47.3% for DA. The cur¬rent findings were assured via the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) for DA and ANN. AUROC curves were smaller in the condition of the DA model across different calving seasons compared with the ANN model. The inaccuracies of variations were significant at a 5% significance level utilizing paired sample t-test. Conclusion: ANN model can be used efficiently to predict the level of production across the differ¬ent calving seasons compared to the DA model. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 429-435]

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between hair whorl position and temperament in Chinese Yellow cattle using a questionnaire. Also, the effect of the raising environment is investigated. Materials and methods: A total of 122 Chinese Yellow cattle were surveyed in 3 village areas and four grassland areas in the northern area of China. For each cattle, an investigator asked the care-person about each item of a temperament questionnaire and determined the facial hair whorl position of each cattle. The location of hair whorl was categorized as low, middle, or high in relation to the eyes. Results: The overall distribution was 20.5% high, 58.2% middle, 13.1% low, 6.6% double, and 1.6% no hair whorl. There was no significant difference between the grassland and village area cattle in the distribution of whorl position. The scores of grassland areas were significantly higher than those of village areas in terms of Retentive memory, Sensitivity, and Timidity and lower in Docility and Fortitude. The scores for the high position tended to be higher than those for the middle plus low positions in terms of Adaptability and Obedience. On the other hand, there was a tendency for a score for the high position to be lower than the other posi¬tions in Excitability. A significant interaction between area and whorl position was observed in Friendliness to cattle. Conclusion: These findings suggest that hair whorl location may be useful in predicting the tem¬perament in cattle, but temperament can be influenced by environment and/or handlings. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 477-481]

Objective: This study aims at evaluating the anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, and pancreatic histo¬pathological changes of Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina. Materials and Methods: The experimental rats were divided into eight groups (n = 15 each). Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes. Daily oral administration of an aqueous extract from the leaves of R. mucronata and A. marina at 400 mg/kg BW, and a mixture of the two extracts for 6 weeks was assessed. The measurements of serum glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were carried out. Pancreatic specimens were collected from all groups and processed for pathological studies. Results: The study revealed that the plant extracts restored the levels of diabetic markers and lipid profiles of diabetic rats, with no significant changes in non-diabetic ones. The extract of R. mucronata exhibited more promising anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects than A. marina singly or combined. Conclusion: Leaf extracts from R. mucronata, singly or combined, and A. marina, induced a potent anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic potential in diabetic rats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 421-428]

Objectives: Left displaced abomasum (LDA) is a common postparturient condition of high yielding dairy cattle. The diagnosis of LDA is challenging and has historically been based on findings that are not specific to the condition. The objective of the current study was to investigate the diag¬nostic performance of ultrasonography (USG) in the clinical management of dairy cows identified with left-sided ping sound postpartum. Materials and methods: Cows with reduced appetite postpartum and had audible left-sided ping sounds on abdominal auscultation were eligible to be prospectively recruited onto the study. The results of clinical findings and abdominal USG were recorded along with milk &#946;-hydroxybutyrate levels, pH levels of abomaso/rumenocentesis samples, and findings on exploratory laparotomy. The diagnostic performance of USG and other clinical investigations was assessed by calculating the test sensitivity and specificity using exploratory laparotomy as a gold standard test. Results: A definitive diagnosis of LDA was made in 23 cows, 8 cows were diagnosed with peritoni¬tis, and 4 cows with frothy tympany. The USG findings that were consistent with LDA were present in all cattle diagnosed with LDA at exploratory laparotomy. The USG findings over the past three intercostal space characteristics of LDA, however, were also present in five cases subsequently diagnosed with peritonitis and in all cases diagnosed with frothy tympany on exploratory lapa¬rotomy. The pH of abdomaso/rumenocentesis samples yielded the highest diagnostic accuracy (97.14%) as a single test in the current study. Conclusions: USG over the left abdominal wall despite being a highly sensitive test for the diagno¬sis of LDA has limitations as a diagnostic tool due to suboptimal specificity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 308-313]

Objectives: Migratory birds play a major role in the transmission of pathogens globally, but still their role in the transmission of fungi in Bangladesh is not known. The present study was carried out for the isolation and molecular detection of fungi including Aspergillus from migratory birds traveling to Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 50 fecal samples were collected from BaojaniBaor, Magura, and areas close to Jahangirnagar University, Savar. The isolation of fungus was based on culture on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), followed by staining, morphology, and molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Among 50 samples, 40 showed positive for fungal growth on PDA, of which 30 yield only yeast-like colonies, five only molds, and five yielded both yeast and molds. The isolated molds produced various pigmented colonies, namely, black, whitish, grayish, olive green, and yellow. Among 10 molds, six were confirmed as fungi by PCR using genus-specific primers such as ITS1 and ITS4. Later, of these six fungi, five were confirmed as Aspergillus by PCR with primers such as ASAP1 and ASAP2 specific for Aspergillus genus. Therefore, the overall occurrence of Aspergillus was 10% (5/50). PCR specific for Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger failed to produce specific PCR amplicon, suggesting that the isolated Aspergillus belongs to other groups. Conclusion: This is the first report describing the isolation and molecular detection of Aspergillus from fecal samples of migratory birds in Bangladesh. The present findings confirm that migratory birds are potential source for Aspergillus and other fungus in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 338-344]

Objectives: Avian lymphatic system plays a very significant role in immunity as well as disease control. This research aimed to investigate the histomorphological changes and involution of the thymus of Sonali chicken at different post-natal stages in Bangladesh as the age-related changes of the thymus of Sonali chicken were not described before. Materials and methods: A gross and microscopic investigation was performed on the thymus of 25 healthy Sonali chickens representing different stages of post-natal life: days 1, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Experimental chickens were sacrificed by cervical subluxation, and the thymus was collected and subjected for both the gross and histological studies. The histological changes were examined with light microscopy after H&E staining. Results: The thymus was located in close association of the jugular vein, having a long chain of thy¬mic lobes, 58 lobes on each side. The statistically significant age-related changes were observed (p < 0.05). All gross parameters (weight, length, width, and thickness) found to be increased up to day 42. On day 56, the growth was found to decline from the previous groups. The microscopic observations revealed the same pattern of changes such as gross parameters, i.e., continuously increased till day 42 and then declined (p < 0.05). At day 56, the involutory signs such as partial loss of interlobular septa and accumulation of adipose tissue in connective tissue septa were found. Conclusion: It is well known that in chicken, after a certain period, the thymus got involuted. In Sonali chicken of Bangladesh, the age of involution was notified at day 56/8th week of the post-natal stage, which was correlated both in macro- and microscopic observations. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 324-330]

Objectives: The present work was conducted to investigate the nutritional profile of the highly consumed beef luncheon in Egypt. Besides, the potential health hazards associated with the con¬sumption of luncheon were highlighted. Material and methods: A total of 60 beef luncheon samples were collected from Egyptian mar¬kets. They were classified into three classes: A, B, and C based on their prices. The collected samples were examined for their chemical composition by determining moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, and energy percentage. The contents of trace elements were also investigated. Results: The obtained findings showed a comprehensive dissimilarity in the chemical composition. According to the fresh weight base, moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate fluctuated from 56.97 to 64.52, 3.50 to 16.10, 4.73 to 13.39, 3.30 to 3.51, and 11.32 to 27.44% w/w, respectively. The highest price class A Egyptian beef luncheon had more accepted nutritive value and dietary energy content. All the examined classes were low in calcium, potassium, zinc, and magnesium. The target hazard quotient indicated that the trace elements did not present any risks for con¬sumers except for sodium. High phosphorous content and high phosphorusprotein ratio were observed in all categories which had a harmful health effect, hence named new cholesterol. Conclusion: Based on the information, this study is the leading work that deeply investigated the chemical composition of the Egyptian luncheon classes, and the obtained data could be beneficial to update the nutritional knowledge used by dietitians and the responsible for nutrition assess¬ment and surveillance by the government. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 299-307]