A one hundred thirty two Awassi ewes aged between 1.5-4 years old suffering from dystocia, were brought by farmer to Veterinary Teaching Hospital related to College of Veterinary Medicine- University of Mosul-Mosul governorate- Iraq, treated during the lambing seasons for three years started from November 2010 to end of December 2012. Results of this study were recorded ring womb as main causes of dystocia, the maximum percentage was 81.8 %( 108,132). The other causes of dystocia were fetal mal-position 8.3% (11,132), narrow pelvic 5.3 %( 7,132), monster fetus %3.0(132,4), complicated cases (interfering more than one cause) 1.5%(2,132). although several methods of treatment have been tried, correction and manual treatment, hormonal treatment, cesarean section and fetotomy: Cesarean section had higher a positive response during treatment 61.2%, correction and manual traction recorded as second best treatment of dystocia 24.2%, hormonal treatment 12.8% and fetotomy 0.7%. It could be concluded that ringworm (maternal origin) was the major causes of dystocia in Iraqi Awassi ewes; cesarean section appears to be a safe and successful procedures for management of dystocia if performed as early as possible.

The antibacterial activity of the aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaves were tested against 46 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk, also tested against standard bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). The highest antibacterial potency was observed for the methanolic extract with zone of inhibition (14.3043 ± 1.8722 mm), followed by ethanolic (12.9565 ± 2.0106 mm) then aqueous (11.6304 ± 2.2446 mm). The effect of methanolic extract against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates was the excellent in comparison to other extracts (14.1± 1.88 mm) zone of inhibition followed by ethanolic (12.91 ± 2.372 mm) then aqueous (12 ± 2.41 mm). The isolates were subjected Kirby Bauer method to test their antibiotic susceptibility pattern, substantial antibiotic resistance were shown by 46 (100%) of isolates for ampicillin. Moderate resistance was shown by 31(67.4%) for oxacillin and low resistance was observed by erythromycin. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed that the presence of high amount of phenolic compounds in methanolic extract (5.4) mg/ml, ethanolic (4.9) mg/ml and aqueoeus (3) mg/ml. MRSA provides a prospecting for new compounds which may be particularly effective against infections that are currently difficult to treat (1). Aims of the conducted study are: 1) an attempt to determine the antibacterial activity of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn) leaves against S. aureus isolates, and Gram negative bacteria. 2) antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. 3) explore the biochemical constituents of extracts.

Ten adult rabbit (5male and 5 female ) were used for gross anatomical and biometrical studies .The main characteristics feature of the local rabbit skulls are : in dorsal surface there are a shallow external sagittle crest , the frontal bone has anterior and posterior supraorbital process , the external acoustic meatus is a short wide bony tube directed caudodorsally , the orbita are large , the external surface of the maxilla is pitted by numerous small opening (fenestrated). A total of 16 linear measurement estimated in the rabbit skulls .There are significant difference between males and females observed in bizygomatic distance , basion-bragma height , maxilla- alveolar length , orbital height and foramen magnum breadth

The present study was carried out to evaluate the levels of copper, zinc and iron in buffaloes from different regions in Basra province. Serum samples were taken from (255)buffaloes and (20)soil samples from pastures as well as (20)samples of green forage grazed by the animals. Results divided the buffaloes into three groups, the first one was healthy 38(14.9%)of total buffaloes, second 17(6.6%) those were subclinically affected and the third group 200(78,4%) were clinically affected and revealed deficient values in comparison with other groups. Values of copper, zinc and iron were(70.3 ±0.867, 154±4.459,320±2.844) μg/dl, respectively for healthy control buffaloes, while the values of subclinical group were(59.7 ±0.384, 94.7±1.943 and 291.8±4.214) μg/dl respectively, and those of deficient group were(44.6±0.442, 78.4±1.069 and 229.1±4.098) μg/dl, respectively. The soil levels of copper, zinc and iron were(0.25 ±0.039, 0.72±0.032 and 5.9±0.301) μg/g respectively, and in forage (2.3±0.269, 23.8±0.486 and 25.5±0.641) μg/g , respectively. The main clinical signs of deficient group were; Alopecia, depigmentation, emaciation, parakeratosis and pale mucous membranes. In conclusion, the study exhibited values of minerals in buffaloes those were higher in healthy buffaloes than those of subclinical and deficient groups. Soil of Basra, was deficient in copper and zinc but normal in iron, while forages were deficient in those minerals.

The main objectives of the present study were to compare the petrifilm TM Aerobic count plates (ACP) with conventional standard plate count (SPC) for enumerating aerobic bacteria and secondly to compare the petrifilm TM coliform count plates (CCP) with conventional coliform plate count (CPC) method for isolation and enumeration of E.coli in locally produced soft white cheese samples .A total of 60 samples of soft cheese (30 samples to each petrifilmTM and conventional methods) have been collected randomly at weekly intervals from different retail markets in Baghdad province and its surroundings during the period of 6 months from the December 2011 till the May 2012.All results of cultural characteristics and biochemical reactions of E.coli isolates were in accordance with the main features described in Bergeys Manual of determinative bacteriology .The laboratory studies of the cultural isolation revealed that 20 (66.6%) isolates of E.coli were isolated from 30 soft white cheese samples by the conventional direct plating (CPC) method while 24 (80%) isolates of E.coli were isolated from another 30soft cheese samples by using a new petrifilm TM technique. The detection limit for aerobic bacteria by the petrifilm TM technique versus the conventional direct plating were 16x109 cfu/g and 5x108 cfu/g respectively while the detection limit of E.coli by the petrifilm TM technique versus the conventional coliform plate count (CPC) were 22X106 cfu/g and 12x105 cfu/g respectively. Results obtained in this study revealed that the petrifilm TM technique has been recognized to be significantly (P

Bovine tuberculosis is an important zoonosis and accurate diagnosis is important for its surveillance. Post-mortem diagnosis may, however, be compromised by lesions caused by other pathogens. In an investigation on its prevalence in slaughter cattle in Kenya, Mycobacterium bovis and dimorphic fungi were inadvertently identified separately or concurrently in tuberculous lesions. Beef carcasses were inspected for lesions in two abattoirs in Nairobi. Tissues with lesions were collected and transported to the laboratory. Smears of lesions were stained by acid-fast procedure and examined microscopically. Lesions were cultured in Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) and in BBL TM Mycobacterium growth indicator tubes (MGIT) media. Mycobacteria isolates in LJ medium were identified by DNA typing. Smears of BBLTM MGIT cultures were acid-fast stained and examined microscopically. Tissue sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff reagent before examination. Of the 929 carcasses examined, 176 had granulomatous lesions. Dimorphic fungi were detected as acid-fast negative cells in 58 (32.9; 33.5%) of the lesion smears, either alone (29.0; 16.4%) or concurrently with acid-fast bacilli (29.0; 16.4%). The fungi were also detected in some BBL TM MGIT-culturesmears and lesioned tissue sections. The fungi were identified, by means of cellular morphology, as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Blastomyces dermatitidis. A total of 64 isolates of mycobacteria were recovered in LJ medium, 19 of which were identified as M. bovis. The present report documents native P. brasiliensis infections outside the presumed endemic region and B. dermatitidis infections in a livestock animal. The findings further indicate the importance of dimorphic fungi as a differential diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in the region.

In this study, the enteric parasites of zoo animals and zookeepers in Beni-Suef governorate, Egypt were investigated. Fecal samples from thirteen animal species were examined by floatation and formol ether sedimentation techniques. Zoo animals were classified into non-human primates, carnivores and herbivorous animals. The examination of non-human primates revealed the presence of Trichuris trichura eggs, Giardia intestinals and Entamoeba histolytica cysts. In carnivores, Toxoascaris leonina eggs and Isospora felis oocysts were the most predominant findings. In herbivore wild animals, gastrointestinal nematode (GIT) eggs and Eimeria species oocysts were present. Larval identification by fecal culture of (GIT) eggs demonstrated the presence of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloid papillosus larvae. Examination of zookeepers and one lab worker revealed the presence of Giardia intestinals and Entamoeba histolytica cysts. In conclusion, infection with Giardia intestinals and Entamoeba histolytica in both of human and nonhuman primates suggests the zoonotic transmission in the zoo.

In order to get a reliable estimate of brucellosis prevalence in Eritrean dairy cattle, a cross-sectional study was carried out in 2009. The survey considered the sub-population of dairy cattle reared in modern small- and medium-sized farms. Samples were screened with the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and positive cases were confirmed with the complement fixation test (CFT). A total of 2.77%(417/15 049; Credibility Interval CI: 2.52% – 3.05%) of the animals tested in this study were positive for antibodies to Brucellaspecies, with a variable and generally low distribution of positive animals at regional level. The highest seroprevalence was found in the Maekel region (5.15%; CI: 4.58% – 5.80%), followed by the Debub (1.99%; CI: 1.59% – 2.50%) and Gash-Barka (1.71%; CI: 1.34% – 2.20%) regions. Seroprevalence at sub-regional levels was also generally low, except for two sub-regions of Debub and the sub-region Haicota from the Gash-Barka region. Seroprevalence was high and more uniformly distributed in the Maekel region, namely in the Asmara, Berik and Serejeka sub-regions. Considering the overall low brucellosis prevalence in the country, as identified by the present study, a brucellosis eradication programme for dairy farms using a test-and-slaughter policy would be possible. However, to encourage the voluntary participation of farmers to the programme and to raise their awareness of the risks related to the disease for animals and humans, an extensive public awareness campaign should be carefully considered, as well as strict and mandatory dairy movement control.

The use of haematological techniques to assess fish health is generally accepted. The aim of the current study was to determine selected haematological changes that occur in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). infected with trypanosomes. Blood films were prepared according to standard techniques to confirm trypanosome infections and whole blood was collected, the serum and plasma separated, and prepared for albumin and total protein concentration analysis. Plasma albumin levels were significantly higher in infected wild caught fish than in uninfected wild caught fish and uninfected breeding stock. Serum albumin levels were significantly lower in infected wild caught fish when compared to uninfected breeding stock. The total plasma and serum protein levels were within the normal range for C. gariepinus, that is, 3 g – 6 g/100 mL. The total plasma protein levels varied significantly between the three groups. However, the total serum protein levels were only significantly different between uninfected breeding stock and uninfected wild caught fish, as well as uninfected breeding stock and infected wild caught fish. The total protein levels were significantly higher in infected wild caught fish than in the other groups, a possible indication of an infection or inflammatory host response.