As micotoxicoses são grandes causadoras de perdas produtivas em ruminantes, sendo aflatoxina (AFLA) e zearalenona (ZEA) as principais micotoxinas encontradas em alimentos conservados. Estas micotoxinas apresentam efeito sobre o metabolismo animal, através da ação anabólica de metabólitos da ZEA, bem como pelas lesões hepáticas causadas pela AFLA. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência do adsorvente glucomanano modificado sobre parâmetros metabólicos de ovelhas submetidas a dietas contendo AFLA e ZEA. Foram utilizadas 34 fêmeas divididas em 6 grupos (ZEA; ZEA + ADS; AFLA; AFLA + ADS; CONTROLE + ADS; CONTROLE), recebendo 1,0 mg/kg de ZEA, 1,5 mg/kg de AFLA e/ou 2 kg/ton de adsorvente. A ZEA diminuiu os níveis séricos de glicose, em relação ao CONTROLE (p &lt; 0,05), porém, o adsorvente não influenciou os níveis de glicose, não havendo diferença entre os grupos ZEA e ZEA + ADS. A ZEA aumentou os níveis de AST e GGT em relação ao grupo CONTROLE (p &lt; 0,05), sendo que os níveis de AST foram superiores no grupo ZEA (p &lt; 0,05), quando comparado ao grupo ZEA + ADS. Ainda, a aflatoxina causou uma redução nos níveis de albumina, em relação aos valores fisiológicos de ovinos. Assim, a partir destes resultados pode-se concluir que a ZEA causou alterações metabólicas em ovinos, bem como o glucomanano modificado foi eficiente em reduzir a possível agressão hepática causada por esta micotoxina, demonstrada pela diminuição nos níveis de AST. | The micotoxicoses are causing great losses of production in ruminants, being aflatoxin (AFLA) and zearalenone (ZEA) the major mycotoxins found in foods preserved. These mycotoxins have effect on the metabolism animal through the anabolic action of metabolites of the ZEA, and the liver injury caused by AFLA. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the sorbent modified glucomannan on metabolic parameters of sheep submitted to diets containing AFLA and ZEA. For this, 34 females were used and they were divided into 6 groups (ZEA; ZEA + ADS; AFLA; AFLA + ADS; CONTROL + ADS; CONTROL), receiving 1.0 mg/kg of ZEA, 1.5 mg/kg of AFLA and/or 2 kg/ton of sorbent. The ZEA decreased serum levels of glucose, for the CONTROL (p < 0.05), however, the sorbent not influence the levels of glucose, with no difference between groups ZEA and ZEA + ADS. The ZEA increased levels of AST and GGT compared to group CONTROL (p < 0.05), whereas the levels of AST were higher in the group ZEA (p < 0.05) when compared to the group ZEA+ADS. Still, the aflatoxin caused a reduction in the levels of albumin, for physiological values of sheep. Thus, from these results it was concluded that ZEA caused metabolic alterations in sheep, and the modified glucomannan was effective in reducing the possible liver aggression caused by this mycotoxin, shown by the decrease in the levels of AST.

Measurement of serum total thyroxine is the standard method to diagnose feline hyperthyroidism which is now considered the most common endocrine disease in cats. Factors as luminosity and temperature were incriminated as causes for thyroid hormones variation in dogs. The present study aimed to determine reference values for serum total thyroxine in healthy cats in Rio de Janeiro; to compare these findings with values from laboratories inside and outside Brazil and finally, to analyze the effect of gender and age on serum total thyroxine concentration. One hundred nineteen healthy cats, living in Rio de Janeiro for at least five months, from both sex and different breeds were used in this study. Serum thyroxine was measured on 119 samples by Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay (CEIA) method. Cats aged between five months and 18 years (7.11 ± 3.64). The lowest and highest serum T4 concentration founded in the whole population was 0.44 µg/dL and 4.6 µg/dL respectively. The reference range for this population was 0.75 - 3.5 µg/dL. According to samples included in this study, there was no difference between males and females thyroxine values (&#945; = 0.05). However, age significantly influenced T4 concentrations with a positive correlation (p < 0.05). | A dosagem de tiroxina total sérica em gatos é o exame de escolha para o diagnóstico do hipertireoidismo que é considerada a doença endócrina mais comum em gatos domésticos. Fatores como luminosidade e temperatura já foram incriminados como causa de variação das concentrações de hormônios tireoidianos em cães. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar valores séricos de referência para a tiroxina total em gatos saudáveis pelo método de quimioluminescência no Rio de Janeiro; comparar estes valores aos atualmente utilizados por laboratórios no Brasil e no exterior; além de analisar o efeito da idade e do sexo sobre os valores de tiroxina sérica total nos animais avaliados. A tiroxina sérica foi dosada em 119 amostras por meio de ensaio imunoenzimático por quimioluminescência. A faixa etária dos 119 felinos incluídos neste estudo variou de cinco meses a 18 anos (média de 7,11 ± 3,64). O menor valor de concentração sérica de T4 encontrado foi de 0,44 µg/dL e o maior valor foi de 4,6 µg/dL. A faixa de referência para a tiroxina nesta população ficou entre 0,75 e 3,5 µg/dL. De acordo com as amostras coletadas neste estudo, os valores médios da concentração de T4 para gatos machos e fêmeas foram considerados os mesmos para um erro α = 0,05. A idade, no entanto, apresentou um efeito significativo na concentração de T4 (p &lt; 0,05) e correlação positiva.

Mastitis is a common illness of dairy cattle and is very costly economically to the dairy farmer. Thus there is a need to develop broad-spectrum therapies that are effective while not leading to unacceptably long antibiotic withdrawal times. The effects of the CH4-inhibitors nitroethane (2 mg/ml), 2-nitro-1-propanol (2 mg/ml), lauric acid (5 mg/ml), the commercial product Lauricidin ® (5 mg/ml), and a finely-ground product of the Hawaiian marine algae, Chaetoceros (10 mg/ml), were compared in pure cultures of S. aureus. Lauricidin® exhibited the most bactericidal acidity against S. aureus. These results suggest potential for treatments with a non antibiotic compound could be effective against mastitis.

Molecular genetic data provide powerful tools for genealogy reconstruction to reveal mechanisms underlying disease ecology. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) congregate in matriarchal groups; kin-related close social spacing may be a factor in the spread of infectious diseases. Spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disorder of deer and their cervid relatives, is presumed to be associated with direct contact between individuals and by exposure to shared food and water sources contaminated with prions shed by infected deer. Key aspects of disease ecology are yet unknown. DNA tools for pedigree reconstruction were developed to fill knowledge gaps in disease dynamics in prion-infected wild animals. Kinship indices using data from microsatellite loci and sequence haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA were employed to assemble genealogies. Molecular genealogy tools will be useful for landscape-level population genetic research and monitoring, in addition to epidemiologic studies examining transmission of CWD in captive and free-ranging cervids.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was studied the pathology and biology of cattle capillariasis. Capillariosis invasion rendered a substantial invasion on blood morphological composition which was revealed in lowering of erythrocytes and hematoglobulin, as well as in increasing of leukocytes quantity. There was noted the lowering of the natural resistance and immune reactivity. There were stated substantial deviations in protein metabolism which was expressed in lowering of total protein, quantity of albumins, changing of albumin and globulin coefficient, increasing of globulins. In the conditions of blood biochemical analysis of infesrated animals there was stated a disorder of vitamin and mineral metabolism; increasing of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes activity. Development of Capillaria bovis was realized in a direct line. In the natural habitat development of Capillaria bovis eggs varied from two up to three months.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was analyzed the efficiency of bactericidal action of tartaric acid aerosol for air sanitation of poultry buildings and increasing of broiler chickens viability. The bactericidal action was analyzed by the example of Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli and Proteus vulgaris. In course of study there were analyzed biochemical indexes of blood and blood serum, lymphoid tubercle in proper mucous plate of trachea of broiler chickens after 6-time treatment with tartaric acid and Ekotsid C preparation. Research results showed that the analysed preparations did not render negative influence on metabolic indexes of broiler chickens and increase poultry viability. Application of tartaric acid did not cause pathomorphologic changes in tissues and organs of birds, stimulated the active proliferation of leucocytes in immune system organs (thymus gland; spleen; and lymphoid tissue).

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was realized creation and evaluation of growth activity of serum and albuminous nutritional media. In the experiment there were used of 6 pathogenic strains: Leptospira pomona; Leptospira tarassovi; Leptospira grippothyphosa; Leptospira icterrohaemorragia; Leptospira conicola; Leptospira sejroe. For the Leptospira cultivation there were used the following media: serum-supplemented vitaminized medium on the basis of buck serum; serum-supplemented medium with a growth factor; serum-supplemented vitaminized medium with antlbody biosynthesis growth factor; semisynthetic Russel's medium in modification of V.I. Sitkov. Research results showed that the albuminous nutritional medium provided an intensive accumulation of Leptospira of all tested serogroups of Leptospira, but was suitable only for single bacterial inoculation. For the secondary hatching the albuminous media was unsuitable as it lowered the antigenic activity of Leptospira.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus by means of application of a scanning electron microscopy there was realized a morphological assessment of the efficiency of mono- and associated antiviral vaccines. It is shown, that analyzed biological preparations invoke in poultry a number of structural disorders among which it is possible to mention both immunomorphological changes, and pathomorphological processes. The highest reactogenicity was showed by of monovaccines against infectious bronchitis (produced by Research Institute of Animal Protection, Russia); infectious laryngotracheitis (Institute of Experimental Veterinary of S.N.Vyshelesskij, Belarus); and also an associated vaccine against infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease (Research Institute of Animal Protection, Russia). These vaccines caused essential structural disorders in tissues at a place of administration, liver and kidneys. Administration of the vaccine against infectious bursal disease and associated vaccines against infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, infectious laryngotracheitis and Newcastle disease (Institute of Experimental Veterinary of S.N.Vyshelesskij) strengthened the processes of lymphatization in fabricic bursa. All studied biological products caused activization of morphological reorganization of immune apparatus of a spleen and did not render essential influence on thymus structure. | С использованием сканирующей электронной микроскопии проведена морфологическая оценка эффективности моно- и ассоциированных противовирусных вакцин. Показано, что указанные биопрепараты вызывают в организме птиц ряд структурных нарушений, среди которых можно выделить как иммуноморфологические изменения, так и патоморфологические процессы. Наибольшую реактогенность проявляли моновакцины против инфекционного бронхита кур (ФГУ ВНИИЗЖ, Россия), инфекционного ларинготрахеита (ИЭВ им. С.Н. Вышелесского), а также ассоциированная вакцина против ИБК, инфекционной бурсальной болезни и болезни Ньюкасла (ФГУ ВНИИЗЖ, Россия), которые вызывали существенные структурные нарушения в ткани на месте введения, печени и почках. Использование вакцины против ИББ и ассоциированной вакцины против ИБК, ИББ, ИЛТ и БН (ИЭВ им. С.Н. Вышелесского) усиливало процессы лимфатизации в фабрициевой бурсе. Все изучаемые биопрепараты вызывали активизацию морфологической перестройки иммунного аппарата селезенки и не оказывали существенного влияния на структуру тимуса.

As a result of realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus research it was revealed that application of immunostimulative drugs of sodium thyosulphate and vitamin С (ascorbic acid) in combination with a vaccine against salmonellosis, pasteurellosis and streptococcosis of pigs promoted the statistically authentic increasing of leukocytes, absolute quantity of T- and B-lymphocytes content in peripheral blood. Also, it promoted the activation of phagocytic activity and digested ability of neutrophils; activization of mieloblastic hemopoiesis and decreasing of erythrocytopoiesis; activization of morphological reactions in a tissue at a place of administration of the vaccine, lymphatic nodules and spleen. | Проведенные исследования показали, что применение иммуностимуляторов натрия тиосульфата и витамина С с вакциной против сальмонеллеза, пастереллеза и стрептококкоза свиней способствует статистически достоверному повышению в периферической крови содержания лейкоцитов, абсолютного количества Т- и В-лимфоцитов, активизации фагоцитарной активности и перевариваемой способности нейтрофилов; активизации миелобластического кроветворения и снижению эритропоэза; активизации морфологических реакций в ткани на месте введения вакцины, лимфоузлах и селезенке.

Research of a pancreas of geese in course of different age-specific periods was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. Ecological features of water fowl inhabitance, prevalence of phytogenous forages in a diet of led in first two life decades to rapid growth of body weight and pancreas which was capable to adapt an organism to new conditions of existence. The subsequent growth and differentiating processes in a pancreas of geese showed direct correlative dependence on the basic physiological states of their organism (plumage, a moult, puberty, egg production efficiency). By the beginning of egg production (6 months) the basic structural components of secretory parts of gland of geese reached a rather developed condition, but their full morphological and functional maturity occurred by 2-year-old age, possibly, because of a long reproductive period of life. | Проведено исследование поджелудочной железы у гусей в разные возрастные периоды. Экологические особенности среды обитания водоплавающих птиц, преобладание в рационе кормов растительного происхождения приводят в первые две декады жизни к бурному росту массы тела животных и поджелудочной железы, способной адаптировать организм к новым условиям существования. Последующие ростовые и дифференцировочные процессы в поджелудочной железе гусей проявляют прямую коррелятивную зависимость от основных физиологических состояний их организма (оперение, линька, половое созревание, яйценосная продуктивность). К началу яйценоскости (6 месяцев) основные структурные компоненты секреторных отделов железы гусей достигают достаточно развитого состояния, но их полная морфофункциональная зрелость наступает к 2-летнему возрасту животных, вероятно, из-за продолжительного репродуктивного периода жизни.