Cestodes are parasitic flatworms that live in the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults and often in the liver, muscle, haemocoel, mesentery and brain of various animals as larval stages. To identify the cestodes infecting Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 (sharptooth catfish) in the Vaal Dam, a total of 45 host specimens were collected with the aid of gill nets between October 2011, January and April 2012. The fish were sacrificed and examined for cestode parasites. Two adult cestodes, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 (prevalence 86.7%, mean intensity = 15, n = 45) and Proteocephalus glanduligerus (Janicki, 1928) (prevalence 51.1%, mean intensity = 5, n = 45) were found in the intestines of the catfish. Both T. ciliotheca and P. glanduligerus are new locality records. There were statistically insignificant differences in the infection of the male and female C. gariepinu. Fish with standard length ranging from 40 cm - 54 cm (>3 years) had the highest prevalence and mean intensity while those ranging from 10 cm - 24 cm (< 1 year) had the lowest prevalence and mean intensity for both cestodes. The study highlights the importance of changing feeding habits of C. gariepinus with age on the prevalence and mean intensity of the two gastrointestinal cestode parasites.

Bovine tuberculosis represents one of the very important infectious diseases in Egypt and the world. It has zoonotic importance and causes severe economic losses. Accurate and rapid diagnosis considered as the milestone for control of the disease. In this study ELISA technique was used for confirmation of positive reactors cows that tested with single intradermal tuberculin test, to detect false positive reactors. Bovine PPD and ST.CF antigens have been used as two different coating antigens for ELISA technique. 3747 cattle from dairy farms in five different governorates were subjected to the single intradermal cervical tuberculin test whereas 78 (2.24%) proved positive reactors to tuberculin. These positive reactors tested with ELISA. 64 (82.05%) animals were positive by ELISA coated with ST-CF, while by using bovine PPD as coating antigen 58 (74.35%) animals were positive. The previous results indicated that ELISA test showed higher sensitivity and specificity using ST-CF as coating antigen than in case of bovine PPD coating antigen.

Toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoan pathogen of human and animals, The study was conducted on 557 serum samples of pregnant women from Al-Battol, Al-Hansa, Hamdania Hospital and privet laboratories located in Nineveh between October 2011 to March 2012,suspected patients were in age ranged between 22 up to 41 years to detect Toxoplasma antibodies using latex agglutination test (LAT). Results showed infection rate of 32-43%, with titer ranged between 1 4 to 1 32 which indicated chronic infection.Significant decrease in TRBs, Hb and PCV were detected in pretreatment patients compared with post treatment .Moreover 312 sheep and goats serum samples were also used to identified Toxoplasma antibodies and results showed that (43.66%) , (37.64%) of goats and sheep respectively were infected with Toxoplasmosis. It have been concluded that Toxoplasmosis were and important infectious disease affected both woman and animals in Ninavah province .

Forty adult male Bulb/c mice weighing between 25-30 GM reared in wire cages were randomly divided into four groups (10 mice each group). Group (G1) received the regular mice diet and (1 ml/kg Saline p.o.) for 8 days maintained as a control group. Group (G2) treated daily intra peritoneal (i.p) injection of gentamicin (40m g/kg bwt /day) for 8 days. In group (G3) received Gum Arabic (GA) (10 gm /kg bwt /day) for 8 days orally by using stomach tube. Group (G4) is received gentamicin (40 mg/ kg bwt /day) (i.p) plus (10gm /kg bwt / day) orally of Gum Arabic for 8 days. Blood samples were collected after overnight fasting 12-24 hours for determination some biochemical marker including AST, ALT and ALP activities, creatinin, uric acid , urea and total bilirubin in serum . Assay the total protein, Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA, ribonucleic acid RNA in liver tissue of mice. The results revealed that treatment with gentamicin (G2) increased in AST, ALT and ALP activities in serum, creatinine, uric acid, urea and total bilirubin value in serum also there are elevation the level of DNA, RNA and total protein in liver tissue when a compared with the control group (G1).Treatment of GA along with gentamicin (G4) and administration of GA alone (G3) decreased in the level of serum creatinine, serum uric acid, serum urea and serum total bilirubin , the level of DNA, RNA and total protein in liver tissue also decrease, as compared to the gentamicin treated group (G2) but not reach in both groups(G3,G4) to normal level as in control group. In conclusion Gum Arabic exhibit hepatoprotective activities probably through free radical scavenging properties. Altered level of hepatic markers such as AST, ALT, and ALP with gentamicin exposure was reversed towards normalization with Gum Arabic. Similarly, biochemical parameters were also restored by Gum Arabic. Bioactive of Gum Arabic ameliorated the oxidative damage and had increased the regenerative and reparative capacity of liver.

In present study, 40 adult male mice were used and divided into 5 equal groups of 8 mice each. The first group was the control group, in which the mice were fed with standard ration along the period of experiment; the second and third groups were fed on fats free ration for 14 days while the fourth and fifth groups were fed on Omega3+Vitamin E supplemented ration for 14 days too. The test organisms were suspended in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and 10-folds serial dilutions were done for (CFU) count. Then, the animals of the second and fourth groups were injected intramuscularly with 22×105 (CFU) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, while the animals of the third and fifth groups were injected intramuscularly with 18×106 (CFU) of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. After 24 hours all mice of the third group and 3 mice of the fifth group died; their thigh muscles, livers, lungs, spleens and stomachs were taken, weighed and homogenized with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) to count the (CFU) in these organs. 2 days later, the remainder 5 mice of the fifth group were euthanized and the previous processes were done. For the second and fourth groups, after 48 hours of the bacterial injection all mice of the second group and 4 mice of the fourth group died, the previous processes were done for the bacterial count. 2 days later the remainder 4 mice of the fourth group were euthanized for the bacterial count purpose. The results revealed that the use of Omega3+Vitamin E as a supplements to ration increased the survival of mice and the organs bacterial count of the Omega3+Vitamin E fed mice decreased significantly as compared to those of the fats free fed animals at (P≤0.05).

Conducted an experimental study on the possibility of a calf infection by Giardia parasite isolated from human. Six calves were selected from the field of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Basrah and were divided into two groups, the first was a control group consisting of 2 calves (n=2) , and the second was group that infected and composed of four calves (n=4) . After the experiment done the percentage of infection was 100%. This study determined the amount of the dose that can cause infection to the calves and are (7- 21) cysts which were approach to those causing infection to human. The study also identified the incubation period for the giardiasis disease in calves, which were (7-10) days. This study is the first one in the Basrah and Iraq.

A trail was conducted to determine utilization of diet containing poultry excreta with different sources of nitrogen by cattle or buffalo rumen microorganisms in vitro. The aim was to find alternative sources of protein and low prices ruminant diets. Commercial broiler house excreta were used as 10% of a ration. Supplemented diets were basal diet with 10% poultry excreta alone or either with 3 g/kg yeast or 1.5 g urea/kg feed or both as well as 2% molasses. The basal diet comprised 40% concentrates and 60% wheat straw on dry matter (DM) basis as a control diet. All diets were inoculated with rumen fluid of cattle or buffalo. Digestibility of DM was not significantly influenced by both species and diets. However, organic matter (OM) digestion varied significantly with different diets, the highest value was obtained by yeast, urea, poultry excreta and molasses group (64.70%). Species and diets showed significant differences in neutral digested fiber (NDF) digestion. The highest values were obtained by buffalo and the yeast, urea, poultry excreta and molasses group (65.09%). Ammonia production was significantly increased by adding urea to the diet (12.64 and 13.79). Total volatile fatty acid and acetic acid % were produced significantly higher by cattle and the group of poultry excreta only. A buffalo rumen fluid produced higher propionic acid% and less acetic: propionic percent than cattle. The total number of microorganisms influenced significantly by diet only, as yeast, urea, poultry excreta and molasses group obtained the highest number.

The effect of different doses of Eminium spiculatum aqueous leaf extract on coagulation of blood in the rabbits were studied .Animals treated with extract at a dose of 200 , and 400 mg / kg body weight intraperitoneally daily for 7 days produced a significant ( p < 0.05 ) increase in the clotting time , prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time with normal platelet counts when compared with phosphate buffer saline ( untreated ) and heparin ( treated ) control rabbits. The effect of the extract on coagulation of the blood was shown to be dose – dependent . Result of this study suggest that extract shows considerable anticoagulant activity in rabbits and has potential to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.