This study was conducted to investigate methane production potential of feed ingredients to develop a database on methane production. Feed ingredients such as cereal grains, cereal by-products and protein supplements were tested for methane production potential using in vitro gas production technique. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of cereal grains ranged from 60.1 to 96.7% and oats grain (76.2%) and distiller’s grain (60.1%) had lower (P<0.05) values than other cereal grains. Among the cereal by-products, wheat bran showed highest (P<0.05) IVTD (74.9%) than rice bran (42.7%). IVTD of cottonseed oil cake, black gram and sunflower oil cake was lower (P<0.05) than other protein supplements. Methane production potential of cereal grains at half life (t1/2) ranged from 0.66 to 2.85 ml/100 mg truly digested substrate and the difference was significant (P<0.05), however, maize grain, sorghum grain, bajra and broken rice did not vary among themselves. Average methane production potential of cereal by-products at half life (t1/2) and 24 hrs was 1.27 and 1.81 ml/100 mg truly digested substrate, respectively. Average methane production potential of protein supplements at half life (t1/2) and 24 hrs was 1.39 and 1.75ml/100 mg of truly digested substrate, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Maximum (P<0.05) methane production potential at half life (t1/2) was recorded for black gram (4.07 ml/100 mg truly digested substrate). Lowest methane production potential both at half life (t1/2) and 24 hrs were recorded in fish meal and spirulina. It can be concluded that among cereal grains, methane production potential was higher (P<0.05) in oats grain at half life (t1/2) and all the cereal grains had similar methane production potential at 24 hrs. Among cereal by-products, wheat bran had higher (P<0.05) methane production potential both at half life (t1/2) and 24 hrs. Among protein supplements, black gram had significantly (P<0.05) higher methane production potential at half life (t1/2) and horse gram had significantly (P<0.05) higher methane production potential at 24 hrs. 

A research was undertaken to enrich the fibre content in milk lollies by incorporating defatted tamarind seed kernel powder (TSKP) at 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 per cent levels in suitable form. The developed products were subjected to sensory, physicochemical, proximate, microbiological and cost analysis. Sensory analysis revealed good overall acceptability. The pH values increased in milk lollies withconsequent decrease in titratable acidity. As the inclusion level of TSKP increased both the specific gravity and viscosity increased from 1.10±0.00 to 1.13±0.00 and 48.35±1.63 to 57.52±1.38 respectively with a highly significant difference (p≤0.01). The melting resistance showed a marked improvement with inclusion of TSKP and the time of first drip was the lowest (2 minutes) for control and the highest (5.5minutes) for milk lollies with 0.75 per cent TSKP. The proximate analysis of milk lollies showed no significant difference among control and treatment milk lollies. Coliforms were absent in all the samples and total viable count for milk lollies were within the acceptable level (5.10 to 5.20 log cfu/ml). Though the cost analysis of milk lollies revealed a slight increase in the rates of treatment groups compared to that of control, the rates were found to be acceptable with added health benefits. 

The haemato-biochemical profile of sheep and goat with gastrointestinal parasitism was studied. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from Nellore (Jodipi) sheep and Tellicherry goats, reared under the semi-intensive system in the University research farm in Madhavaram Milk Colony, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu from January to June, 2022. The haemoglobin (Hb) value, packed cell volume (PCV) values and RBC values showed significant reduction.Similarly, the reduction of the differential count was also observed in infected sheep viz., lymphocyte and monocyte, whereas there was asignificant increase in total neutrophil count, total eosinophil count and basophil in infected sheep as compared to healthy sheep. In goats, there was significant reduction in Hb, PCV, RBC and WBC values whereas there was a significant increase in total monocyte count in infected goat as compared to healthy goats. 

A retrospective study was carried out to calculate incidence of various etiology responsible for repeat breeders in graded Murrah buffaloes during period of 2020-2021. The characterization of repeat breeding based on affections of reproductive tract in buffaloes (n=130), revealed that 6.92%, 75.38 and 17.70% had ovarian, uterine and cervical affections, respectively. Amongst the buffaloes withhistory of failure of conception, the most predominant cause of uterine affections was endometritis with an occurrence of 89.80 per cent (88/98). 

The present investigation was carried out on 365 records of Gir cows maintained at Cattle Breeding Farm during the period from 1986 to 2014 with an objective to assess the influence of various environmental factors on monthly test day milk yield in Gir animals. The overall least square means for individual monthly test day milk yields in Gir cows ranged from 2.74±2.0 to 6.35±0.26 litres. The effect of season of calving on first monthly test day was highly significant, The effect of age at first calving and period of calving was non-significant on all monthly test day milk yields.

Thelaziasis is the infestation of eye with parasitic nematodes belongs order spirurida and family Thelazidae. Thelazia spp. inhabit the eyes and associated tissues such as eyelids, lacrimal ducts of various mammals, birds and human etc.  Thelaziasis is observed in Mahaboobnagar goat, which was presented to Veterinary clinical complex, Tirupati with actively moving worms observed in the conjunctiva of left eye with lacrimation and photophobia. It was treated successfully with levamisole orally @ 5 mg/kg body wt and Ivermectin injection @ of 0.2 mg/kg body wt subcutaneously and applied antimicrobial steroid ointment in to the eye for theprevention of inflammation and secondary bacterial infection. 

The current experiment was conducted to study the histology of duodenum in broilers fed with different levels of inclusion of cashew apple waste (CAW) as well as enzymes. The study was carried out for a period of 42 days. A sum total of two hundred and ten day-oldvencobb-400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven groups with three replicates of 10 chicks in each group. Group 1 (G1) received control diet prepared as per BIS (2007) recommendations. G2 and G3 birds received diet prepared with 5 and 10 per cent CAWwithout any enzyme supplementation, respectively. G4 and G5 birds received 5 per cent CAW with supplementation of 500 g/ton and 750 g/ton of enzymes, respectively. G6 and G7 birds received 10 per cent CAW with supplementation of 500 g/ton and 750 g/ton ofenzymes, respectively. It was found that, histomorphological features like villus height and thickness of tunica mucosa were found to be higher in group (G4) where 5 per cent CAW with NSP degrading enzymes at 500 g/ton were fed significantly (p<0.01) when compared to all other groups. The number of goblet cells was observed to be significantly (p<0.01) lesser in the group (G4) when compared to all other groups. 

A 28 day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of liquid milk replacer on the growth performance of early weaned piglets. Forty piglets (average birth weight 1.18 ± 0.01 kg) of 14 days of age were selected and grouped into five treatments groups viz (control, unweaned), T1,T2,T3,T4 and T5 and fed with liquid milk replacer type I, type II, type III and type IV, respectively. This study revealed that piglets supplemented with liquid milk replacer type I (T2) had comparable body weight gain (5.95 ± 0.08 kg ) compared to control (5.77 ± 0.28 kg) and T3 , T4 and T5 had significantly lower weight gain than T2 and control piglets.

An experiment was conducted to utilize skim milk for the preparation of low fat paneer, a value added product. Low fat paneer was prepared by using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and inulin as fat replacers. Full fat control paneer (C1) was prepared from buffalomilk standardized to 5 per cent fat and 9 per cent SNF. Skim milk control paneer (C2) was prepared from skim milk standardized to 0.3 per cent fat and 9 per cent SNF. WPC was incorporated at 0.25 (T1) and 0.5 per cent levels (T2). Inulin was used at the level of 1.5 (T1)and 2 per cent (T2) for the preparation of low fat paneer. The prepared paneer samples were evaluated for physico-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic qualities. Incorporation of WPC had significantly increased the yield as well as moisture content of low fat paneer. Inulin at 2 per cent level had increased the yield of low fat paneer. Both WPC and inulin had improved the sensory acceptability of low fat paneer prepared from skim milk. 

Haemorrhagic septicaemia is an economically important contagious disease of cattle, buffaloes and bison. In the present study, the efficacy of the vaccines prepared from cell free and cell associated antigens of disease causing organism Pasteurella multocida wasevaluated in mice. From the present study, it was observed that both cell associated and cell free antigens provided protective immunity to the vaccinated animals in combination with each other and increasing the content of both the antigens improved the efficacy of the vaccine blends. In conclusion, use of both cell associated and cell free antigens in vaccine formulations are warranted for developing improved vaccines against Haemorrhagic septicaemia.