Objective: This research aims to isolate, screen, and identify some candidates for endophytic fungus-producing cellulase and cyanidase. Materials and Methods: Fungi were isolated from cassava leaves that had undergone surface sterilization. The fungal isolates were qualitatively tested for their ability to produce cellulase and cyanidase enzymes by adding carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and KCN to the media. Enzyme production was indicated by the formation of clear zones around the growing colonies. Isolates that tested positive for cellulase and cyanidase production underwent further quantitative screening to measure enzyme activity using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 540 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The isolates showing the highest cellulase and cyanidase activity were identified through 18S rRNA analysis using the Sanger DNA sequencing method. Results: The research obtained six pure isolates of endophytic fungus, namely Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four isolates had the ability to degrade CMC with a clear zone between 0.1 until 0.5 mm, and three isolates had the ability for KCN degrade. The highest activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes was produced by isolate Y2. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. Conclusion: Six isolates of endophytic fungi were obtained, Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four iso¬late the ability of to degrade CMC and three isolate the ability for KCN degrade. Isolate Y2 is the isolate with the best activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes, namely 2.99 U/ml and 2.19 U/ml. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 169-178]

Objective: This research aims to isolate, screen, and identify some candidates for endophytic fungus-producing cellulase and cyanidase. Materials and Methods: Fungi were isolated from cassava leaves that had undergone surface sterilization. The fungal isolates were qualitatively tested for their ability to produce cellulase and cyanidase enzymes by adding carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and KCN to the media. Enzyme production was indicated by the formation of clear zones around the growing colonies. Isolates that tested positive for cellulase and cyanidase production underwent further quantitative screening to measure enzyme activity using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 540 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The isolates showing the highest cellulase and cyanidase activity were identified through 18S rRNA analysis using the Sanger DNA sequencing method. Results: The research obtained six pure isolates of endophytic fungus, namely Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four isolates had the ability to degrade CMC with a clear zone between 0.1 until 0.5 mm, and three isolates had the ability for KCN degrade. The highest activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes was produced by isolate Y2. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. Conclusion: Six isolates of endophytic fungi were obtained, Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four isolate the ability of to degrade CMC and three isolate the ability for KCN degrade. Isolate Y2 is the isolate with the best activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes, namely 2.99 U/ml and 2.19 U/ml. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 169–178, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l884

Objective: This research was designed to explore the potential of mycotoxin binders derived from zeolite and bioherbal formulations as natural feed additives to enhance growth performance and intestinal characteristics in broilers. Materials and Methods: The study utilized 320 Lohmann MB 202 broilers, sourced from PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, commencing from day 1 and extending over a period of 35 days. The methodological framework employed a completely randomized design, incorporating two factors. The primary factor analyzed was the type of feed additive, designated as Zeolite (A1) and Bioherbal (A2). The secondary factor considered was the level of mycotoxin binder inclusion in the feed, set at four increments: 0% (T1), 0.2% (T2), 0.4% (T3), and 0.6% (T4), resulting in a total of eight treat¬ment combinations, each replicated four times. The observational metrics focused on production performance and specific intestinal characteristics of the broilers. Results: The findings indicated that while the interaction between feed type and the level of additive use did not significantly influence feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or villi length (p > 0.05), there was a notable impact on the villi surface area (p < 0.05) and a pronounced effect on villi count and crypt depth (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The study concluded that mycotoxin binders containing zeolite effectively reduce mycotoxin levels in feed, whereas bioherbal additives significantly improve intestinal health. Thus, a 0.6% inclusion level of these additives is recommended as a viable alternative to antibiotics in broiler chicken diets. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 149-156]

Objective: This research was designed to explore the potential of mycotoxin binders derived from zeolite and bioherbal formulations as natural feed additives to enhance growth performance and intestinal characteristics in broilers. Materials and Methods: The study utilized 320 Lohmann MB 202 broilers, sourced from PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, commencing from day 1 and extending over a period of 35 days. The methodological framework employed a completely eandomized design, incorporating two factors. The primary factor analyzed was the type of feed additive, designated as Zeolite (A1) and Bioherbal (A2). The secondary factor considered was the level of mycotoxin binder inclusion in the feed, set at four increments: 0% (T1), 0.2% (T2), 0.4% (T3), and 0.6% (T4), resulting in a total of eight treatment combinations, each replicated four times. The observational metrics focused on production performance and specific intestinal characteristics of the broilers. Results: The findings indicated that while the interaction between feed type and the level of additive use did not significantly influence feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or villi length (p > 0.05), there was a notable impact on the villi surface area (p < 0.05) and a pronounced effect on villi count and crypt depth (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The study concluded that mycotoxin binders containing zeolite effectively reduce mycotoxin levels in feed, whereas bioherbal additives significantly improve intestinal health. Thus, a 0.6% inclusion level of these additives is recommended as a viable alternative to antibiotics in broiler chicken diets. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 149–156, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l882

Objective: This study aims to present Chromobacterium violaceum isolated from a pleural effusion in an indoor-outdoor cat. Materials and Methods: A 3-year-old male domestic shorthair cat was brought to the hospital with dyspnea. The thoracic radiographs and ultrasound showed the presence of a pleural effusion. The thoracic fluid was sent for cytological analysis, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), and bacterial culture. Results: Cytological findings illustrated the protein-rich modified transudate. Albumin: globulin ratio was 0.4. RT-PCR testing for FIP was negative. The bacterial culture presented a pure growth of violet-pigmented colonies on both sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar. The isolation was identified and further confirmed as C. violaceum. The isolation was susceptible to drugs in aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamide groups. Conclusion: Chromobacterium violaceum, a saprophytic Gram-negative bacterium, commonly inhabits stagnant water and soil in tropical and subtropical areas. It is considered an opportunistic bacterium in both veterinary and human medicine. Although C. violaceum infection is rare, the disease is extremely fatal. In Thailand, a few cases of humans infected with C. violaceum were reported; however, the bacterial infection has never been discovered in animals. This case report highlighted a rare opportunistic infection of C. violaceumin a cat in Thailand and suggested drugs of choice for clinical treatments. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 297-302]

Objective: This study aims to present Chromobacterium violaceum isolated from a pleural effusion in an indoor-outdoor cat. Materials and Methods: A 3-year-old male domestic shorthair cat was brought to the hospital with dyspnea. The thoracic radiographs and ultrasound showed the presence of a pleural effusion. The thoracic fluid was sent for cytological analysis, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), and bacterial culture. Results: Cytological findings illustrated the protein-rich modified transudate. Albumin: globulin ratio was 0.4. RT-PCR testing for FIP was negative. The bacterial culture presented a pure growth of violet-pigmented colonies on both sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar. The isolation was identified and further confirmed as C. violaceum. The isolation was susceptible to drugs in aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamide groups. Conclusion: Chromobacterium violaceum, a saprophytic Gram-negative bacterium, commonly inhabits stagnant water and soil in tropical and subtropical areas. It is considered an opportunistic bacterium in both veterinary and human medicine. Although C. violaceum infection is rare, the disease is extremely fatal. In Thailand, a few cases of humans infected with C. violaceum were reported; however, the bacterial infection has never been discovered in animals. This case report highlighted a rare opportunistic infection of C. violaceumin a cat in Thailand and suggested drugs of choice for clinical treatments.  J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 297–302, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l896

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the differences between conventional and brown midrib (BMR) Sorghum in terms of biomass, nutrient quality, nutrient digestibility, and animal performance. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive database was created by integrating 73 datasets from 29 articles. The different studies were denoted as random effects, while the BMR Sorghum variety was described as a fixed component. Afterward, these two aspects were calculated utilizing a linear mixed model. Results: According to the findings of the present meta-analysis, conventional Sorghum produces higher quantities of forage and grain biomass in comparison to BMR (p < 0.001). As expected, BMR Sorghum has a lower content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, and lignin compared to conventional Sorghum (p < 0.001). The digestibility of BMR Sorghum performed better than conventional Sorghum (p < 0.001), especially for NDF digestibility (54.98% vs. 47.37%). BMR shows suitability as a fodder option for dairy cows due to its superior milk yield compared to conventional Sorghum (15.04 vs. 14.06 kg/day; p < 0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, BMR Sorghum produces higher biomass compared to conventional Sorghum. Nevertheless, in terms of nutrient quality and digestibility, BMR Sorghum is the most optimal choice. The results will significantly improve animal performance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 157-168]

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the differences between conventional and brown midrib (BMR) sorghum in terms of biomass, nutrient quality, nutrient digestibility, and animal performance. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive database was created by integrating 73 datasets from 29 articles. The different studies were denoted as random effects, while the BMR sorghum variety was described as a fixed component. Afterward, these two aspects were calculated utilizing a linear mixed model. Results: According to the findings of the present meta-analysis, conventional sorghum produces higher quantities of forage and grain biomass in comparison to BMR (p < 0.001). As expected, BMR sorghum has a lower content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, and lignin compared to conventional sorghum (p < 0.001). The digestibility of BMR sorghum performed better than conventional sorghum (p < 0.001), especially for NDF digestibility (54.98% vs. 47.37%). BMR shows suitability as a fodder option for dairy cows due to its superior milk yield compared to conventional sorghum (15.04 vs. 14.06 kg/day; p < 0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, BMR sorghum produces higher biomass compared to conventional sorghum. Nevertheless, in terms of nutrient quality and digestibility, BMR sorghum is the most optimal choice. The results will significantly improve animal performance. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 157–168, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l883

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feed supplementation on the body condition of cows suffering from foot and mouth disease (FMD) and the birth weight of their calves. Materials and Methods: The study involved 30 pregnant cows (6–7 months gestation), divided into five groups of six cows each. Groups A, B, C, D, and group E were supplemented with concentrates at levels of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% of body weight, respectively. The concentrates comprised cassava peels (60%), corn mill (40%), urea (3% of total feed needed), and minerals (25% of total feed needed). Variables: Following the onset of FMD symptoms, observations were made on the duration of hypersalivation, nasal discharge, snout and nose erosion, tongue and lip erosion, foot swelling, refusal to eat, and return to normal feed consumption. Results: The results showed that feed supplementation accelerated recovery such as time from hypersalivation, nasal discharge, muzzle erosion, and tongue (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in interdigital wounds and duration of reluctance to eat due to FMD. Providing nutri¬ent-rich feed also increases the body condition scores after FMD infection and the calf birth weight (p < 0.05) of Bali cattle. Conclusion: It was concluded that nutrient-rich feed supplementation accelerates cow recovery from FMD, maintains body condition, and increases the calf birth weight of Bali cattle. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 106-116]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feed supplementation on the body condition of cows suffering from foot and mouth disease (FMD) and the birth weight of their calves. Materials and Methods: The study involved 30 pregnant cows (6–7 months gestation), divided into five groups of six cows each. Groups A, B, C, D, and group E were supplemented with concentrates at levels of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% of body weight, respectively. The concentrates comprised cassava peels (60%), corn mill (40%), urea (3% of total feed needed), and minerals (25% of total feed needed). Variables: Following the onset of FMD symptoms, observations were made on the duration of hypersalivation, nasal discharge, snout and nose erosion, tongue and lip erosion, foot swelling, refusal to eat, and return to normal feed consumption. Results: The results showed that feed supplementation accelerated recovery such as time from hypersalivation, nasal discharge, muzzle erosion, and tongue (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in interdigital wounds and duration of reluctance to eat due to FMD. Providing nutrient-rich feed also increases the body condition scores after FMD infection and the calf birth weight (p < 0.05) of Bali cattle. Conclusion: It was concluded that nutrient-rich feed supplementation accelerates cow recovery from FMD, maintains body condition, and increases the calf birth weight of Bali cattle. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 106–116, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l877

Objective: The present study aims to investigate molecular confirmation for Cryptosporidium species in fish handlers in Baghdad City, central Iraq. Materials and Methods: Sixty stool samples were collected between early November 2023 and late April 2024. All samples were examined phenotypically using a modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and genotypically (nested polymerase chain reaction technique) based on a partial sequence of 18S rRNA genes with sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis. Results: The total molecular results identified Cryptosporidium parvum with an infection rate of 45% (27/60). A higher infection rate of 51.9% (14/27) was found in the age group between 15 and 35 years, and male handlers recorded a lower infection rate (45%) than females (41.6%). April had a higher elevation in the infection rate of 60% (6/10) than other months. Conclusion: The C. parvum was the only species found in fish handlers, and these local isolates have higher similarity with other isolates of China and Iran. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 1-7]

Objective: The present study aims to investigate molecular confirmation for Cryptosporidium species in fish handlers in Baghdad City, central Iraq. Materials and Methods: Sixty stool samples were collected between early November 2023 and late April 2024. All samples were examined phenotypically using a modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and genotypically (nested polymerase chain reaction technique) based on a partial sequence of 18S rRNA genes with sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis. Results: The total molecular results identified Cryptosporidium parvum with an infection rate of 45% (27/60). A higher infection rate of 51.9% (14/27) was found in the age group between 15 and 35 years, and male handlers recorded a lower infection rate (45%) than females (41.6%). April had a higher elevation in the infection rate of 60% (6/10) than other months. Conclusion: The C. parvum was the only species found in fish handlers, and these local isolates have higher similarity with other isolates of China and Iran. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 1–7, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l866